Democracy - Knowledge (2024)

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Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

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century, education and intelligence had a strong positive impact on democracy, rule of law and political liberty independent from wealth (GDP) and chosen country sample. One possible mediator of these relationships is the attainment of higher stages of moral judgment fostered by cognitive ability, which is necessary for the function of democratic rules in society. The other mediators for citizens as well as for leaders could be the increased competence and willingness to process and seek information necessary for political decisions due to greater cognitive ability. There are also weaker and less stable reverse effects of the rule of law and political freedom on cognitive ability.

6845:. These broadcasting services should be accountable to an independent regulatory body that is adequately protected from interference from political and economic interests. Public service media have an obligation to provide reliable information to voters. Many countries have publicly funded radio and television stations with public service obligations, especially in Europe and Japan, while such media are weak or non-existent in other countries including the US. Several studies have shown that the stronger the dominance of commercial broadcast media over public service media, the less the amount of policy-relevant information in the media and the more focus on3592:

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math competency (.26). Additionally, historical evidence suggests that average human capital (measured using literacy rates) of the masses does not explain the onset of industrialization in France from 1750 to 1850 despite arguments to the contrary. Together, these findings show that education does not always promote human capital and economic growth as is generally argued to be the case. Instead, the evidence implies that education provision often falls short of its expressed goals, or, alternatively, that political actors use education to promote goals other than economic growth and development.

5647:—which afflicts humans and livestock—reduced the ability of Africans to plough the land. This made Africa less settled. As a consequence, political power was less concentrated. This also affected the colonial institutions European countries established in Africa. Whether colonial settlers could live or not in a place made them develop different institutions which led to different economic and social paths. This also affected the distribution of power and the collective actions people could take. As a result, some African countries ended up having democracies and others3751:

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variations in democratic institutions can be large within countries. Another way of conceiving the difficulties in measuring democracy is through the debate between minimalist versus maximalist definitions of democracy. A minimalist conception of democracy defines democracy by primarily considering the essence of democracy; such as electoral procedures. A maximalist definition of democracy can include outcomes, such as economic or administrative efficiency, into measures of democracy. Some aspects of democracy, such as responsiveness or

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7354:. Quote: "There is no practical alternative to majority political rule – i.e., to taking the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual. It would be next to impossible to obtain the consent of every individual before acting collectively ... No rational people could desire and constitute a society that had to dissolve straightaway because the majority was unable to make the final decision and the society was incapable of acting as one body."2791:

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typically have only one central authority which is often not subject to meaningful public review by any other governmental authority. Russian-style democracy has often been referred to as a "guided democracy". Russian politicians have referred to their government as having only one center of power/ authority, as opposed to most other forms of democracy which usually attempt to incorporate two or more naturally competing sources of authority within the same government.

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support for dismissal. In some countries, the prime minister can also call an election at any point in time, typically when the prime minister believes that they are in good favour with the public as to get re-elected. In other parliamentary democracies, extra elections are virtually never held, a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections. An important feature of the parliamentary democracy is the concept of the "

5041:, and rules on which body gets to vote on which issue. Delegates may vote differently from how their sending council might wish but are mandated to communicate the wishes of their sending council. Delegates are recallable at any time. Referendums are possible at any time via votes of lower-level councils, however, not everything is a referendum as this is most likely a waste of time. A parpolity is meant to work in tandem with a5420:

3355:, as well as other factors such as manipulation of civil society, "toxic polarization", foreign disinformation campaigns, racism and nativism, excessive executive power, and decreased power of the opposition. Within English-speaking Western democracies, "protection-based" attitudes combining cultural conservatism and leftist economic attitudes were the strongest predictor of support for authoritarian modes of governance.5091:, is a political system in which democracy is implemented on a global scale, either directly or through representatives. An important justification for this kind of system is that the decisions made in national or regional democracies often affect people outside the constituency who, by definition, cannot vote. By contrast, in a cosmopolitan democracy, the people who are affected by decisions also have a say in them.3486:, on the other hand, citizens should vote directly, not through their representatives, on legislative proposals. Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socialises and educates citizens, and popular participation can check powerful elites. Most importantly, citizens do not rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies.2549:(1689), Locke posited that all individuals possessed the inalienable rights to life, liberty and estate (property). According to Locke, individuals would voluntarily come together to form a state for the purposes of defending their rights. Particularly important for Locke were property rights, whose protection Locke deemed to be a government's primary purpose. Furthermore, Locke asserted that governments were18524:

4874:, is a form of democracy based on power-sharing formula between elites representing the social groups within the society. In 1969, Arendt Lijphart argued this would stabilize democracies with factions. A consociational democracy allows for simultaneous majority votes in two or more ethno-religious constituencies, and policies are enacted only if they gain majority support from both or all of them. The5658:. Trade brought economic development, which in turn, broadened power. Rulers wanting to increase revenues had to protect property-rights to create incentives for people to invest. As more people had more power, more concessions had to be made by the ruler and in many places this process lead to democracy. These determinants defined the structure of the society moving the balance of political power.2101:), and youths below the age of military service. Effectively, only 1 in 4 residents in Athens qualified as citizens. Owning land was not a requirement for citizenship. The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship. In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war campaigns.2427:

5144:. The main idea about creative democracy is that democracy encourages individual capacity building and the interaction among the society. Dewey argues that democracy is a way of life in his work of "Creative Democracy: The Task Before Us" and an experience built on faith in human nature, faith in human beings, and faith in working with others. Democracy, in Dewey's view, is a5919:

4365:. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people's interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so. Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy, pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy3255:, electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 per cent of the world's population. At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 per cent of the global population. Also in 2007 the5633:

modernization theory suggests: historically, most countries attained high levels of access to primary education well before transitioning to democracy. Rather than acting as a catalyst for democratization, in some situations education provision may instead be used by non-democratic regimes to indoctrinate their subjects and strengthen their power.

2399:, which wanted to increase their share in exercising power at the expense of the magnates. Magnates dominated the most important offices in the state (secular and ecclesiastical) and sat on the royal council, later the senate. The growing importance of the middle nobility had an impact on the establishment of the institution of the land1737:, where various degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed. In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship was initially restricted to an elite class, which was later extended to all adult citizens. In most modern democracies, this was achieved through the4411:. In consequence, however, the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties, allowing one to block the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state. This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas, Africa, and Central and Southeast Asia.3459:, democracy is a system of government in which citizens have given teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections. According to this minimalist conception, citizens cannot and should not "rule" because, for example, on most issues, most of the time, they have no clear views or their views are not well-founded.4115:, in which all eligible citizens have active participation in the political decision making, for example voting on policy initiatives directly. In most modern democracies, the whole body of eligible citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives; this is called a3283:

Austria, Cuba, and Nicaragua. In California, a 2004 proposal to permit a quarter vote at 14 and a half vote at 16 was ultimately defeated. In 2008, the German parliament proposed but shelved a bill that would grant the vote to each citizen at birth, to be used by a parent until the child claims it for themselves.

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The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of

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The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech

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Democracy can be seen as a set of practices and principles that institutionalise and thus ultimately protect freedom. Even if a consensus on precise definitions has proved elusive, most observers today would agree that, at a minimum, the fundamental features of democracy include a government based on

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This proposal has inspired a lot of discussions over whether the news media are actually fulfilling the requirements that a well functioning democracy requires. Commercial mass media are generally not accountable to anybody but their owners, and they have no obligation to serve a democratic function.

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A 2019 study by Acemoglu and others estimated that countries switching to democratic from authoritarian rule had on average a 20% higher GDP after 25 years than if they had remained authoritarian. The study examined 122 transitions to democracy and 71 transitions to authoritarian rule, occurring from

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argue that much constitutional thought, from Madison to Lincoln and beyond, has focused on "the problem of majority tyranny". They conclude, "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life, liberty,

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Presidential democracy is a system where the public elects the president through an election. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that amount of time. The legislature

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Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others. However, if any democracy is not structured to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process,

2539:. In order to prevent the occurrence of an anarchic state of nature, Hobbes reasoned that individuals ceded their rights to a strong, authoritarian power. In other words, Hobbes advocated for an absolute monarchy which, in his opinion, was the best form of government. Later, philosopher and physician2383:

links the fragmentation of Europe, and its subsequent democratization, to the manner in which the Roman Empire collapsed: Roman territory was conquered by small fragmented groups of Germanic tribes, thus leading to the creation of small political units where rulers were relatively weak and needed the

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Studies have linked the emergence of parliamentary institutions in Europe during the medieval period to urban agglomeration and the creation of new classes, such as artisans, as well as the presence of nobility and religious elites. Scholars have also linked the emergence of representative government

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and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business. Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for "rights"), those

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are as old as the human species and are found throughout human history, but up until the nineteenth century, major political figures have largely opposed democracy. Republican theorists linked democracy to small size: as political units grew in size, the likelihood increased that the government would

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Political theory has described a positive linkage between education, cognitive ability and democracy. This assumption is confirmed by positive correlations between education, cognitive ability, and positively valued political conditions (N = 183–130). It is shown that in the second half of the 20th

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concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of democracy: Democracy—this scenario—tends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to obtain and use. By the 1800s, guns were the best personal weapons available, and in the United States of America

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structure. The guiding philosophy is that people should have decision-making power in proportion to how much they are affected by the decision. Local councils of 25–50 people are completely autonomous on issues that affect only them, and these councils send delegates to higher level councils who are

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In a parliamentary system, the prime minister may be dismissed by the legislature at any point in time for not meeting the expectations of the legislature. This is done through a vote of no confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to remove the prime minister from office with majority

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argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration (not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision). He uses

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The assumed link between education and economic growth is called into question when analyzing empirical evidence. Across different countries, the correlation between education attainment and math test scores is very weak (.07). A similarly weak relationship exists between per-pupil expenditures and

5602:(already nominally democratic), almost everyone could afford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly easily. Governments could not do any better: it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns. Similarly, Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and democracy.4379:

Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by or can be dismissed by, representatives as opposed to a "presidential rule" wherein the president is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters. Under a parliamentary democracy,

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Magna Carta is sometimes regarded as the foundation of democracy in England. ...Revised versions of Magna Carta were issued by King Henry III (in 1216, 1217 and 1225), and the text of the 1225 version was entered into the statute roll in 1297. ...The 1225 version of Magna Carta had been granted

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by demonstrating that there is no reliable evidence for the claim that democracy is more likely to emerge when countries become wealthier, more educated, or less unequal. In fact, empirical evidence shows that economic growth and education may not lead to increased demand for democratization as

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Guided democracy is a form of democracy that incorporates regular popular elections, but which often carefully "guides" the choices offered to the electorate in a manner that may reduce the ability of the electorate to truly determine the type of government exercised over them. Such democracies

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measuring the potential effects of democracy or its relationship with other phenomena—whether inequality, poverty, education etc. Given the constraints in acquiring reliable data with within-country variations on aspects of democracy, academics have largely studied cross-country variations, yet

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to 18 years; the major democracies began to do so in the 1970s starting in Western Europe and North America. Most electoral democracies continue to exclude those younger than 18 from voting. The voting age has been lowered to 16 for national elections in a number of countries, including Brazil,

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of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices, and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens. All eligible citizens were allowed to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city-state. However, Athenian citizenship

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According to its supporters, any attempt to solve global problems is undemocratic without some form of cosmopolitan democracy. The general principle of cosmopolitan democracy is to expand some or all of the values and norms of democracy, including the rule of law; the non-violent resolution of

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had similar property qualifications as Britain, and in the period before 1776 the abundance and availability of land meant that large numbers of colonists met such requirements with at least 60 per cent of adult white males able to vote. The great majority of white men were farmers who met the

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theorists was that democracy could only survive in small political communities. Heeding the lessons of the Roman Republic's shift to monarchism as it grew larger or smaller, these Republican theorists held that the expansion of territory and population inevitably led to tyranny. Democracy was

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The peasant in the fable, when on his deathbed, tells his sons that a treasure is buried in the field. After the old man's death the sons dig everywhere in order to discover the treasure. They do not find it. But their indefatigable labor improves the soil and secures for them a comparative

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Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute.

2675:, had both cemented Parliament's position as the supreme law-making body and said that the "election of members of Parliament ought to be free". However, Parliament was only elected by male property owners, which amounted to 3% of the population in 1780. The first known British person of2905:

and had full civil rights were allowed to stand for election. Reasons for disqualification included holding dual citizenship, being employed by a foreign government, being bankrupt, employed as a servant, or having "notoriety for ill deeds". Full universal suffrage was achieved in 1934.

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have citizenship and are able to fully participate in the political process. However, critics of the "ethnic democracy" model argue it is a contradiction in terms, and thus conceptually inadequate or confusing; these critics allege that purported ethnic democracies, most notably

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Democracy in modern times has almost always faced opposition from the previously existing government, and many times it has faced opposition from social elites. The implementation of a democratic government from a non-democratic state is typically brought by peaceful or violent

2603:) in 1619. English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in New England whose local governance was democratic; although these local assemblies had some small amounts of devolved power, the ultimate authority was held by the Crown and the English Parliament. The6797:

the political debate. Thorough and balanced investigation of complex political issues does not fit into this format. The political communication is characterized by short time horizons, short slogans, simple explanations, and simple solutions. This is conducive to political

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was enacted in 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties and is still in effect. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time,

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and popularization of the news media is seen in an increasing focus on human examples rather than statistics and principles. There is more focus on politicians as personalities and less focus on political issues in the popular media. Election campaigns are covered more as

6773:. This person-centered focus may have far-reaching consequences not only for domestic problems but also for foreign policy when international conflicts are blamed on foreign heads of state rather than on political and economic structures. A strong media focus on fear and5148:

requiring actual effort and work by people; it is not an institutional concept that exists outside of ourselves. "The task of democracy", Dewey concludes, "is forever that of creation of a freer and more humane experience in which all share and to which all contribute".

2810:. North Carolina was the last state to abolish property qualification in 1856 resulting in a close approximation to universal white male suffrage (however tax-paying requirements remained in five states in 1860 and survived in two states until the 20th century). In the2131:

was an assembly of the people, held once a month, in which every male citizen of at least 20 years of age could participate. In the assembly, Spartans elected leaders and cast votes by range voting and shouting (the vote is then decided on how loudly the crowd shouts).

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brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many states, dubbed "third wave of democracy". Portugal, Spain, and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the 1970s and 1980s. This was followed by countries in

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to a constitutional one, and held two elections the next year to elect members to her newly formed parliament. Provisional Electoral Regulations were issued, stating that the elected members of the Provincial Administrative Councils would elect members to the first

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claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens' preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt. Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on

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A serious problem with the social media is that they have no truth filters. The established news media have to guard their reputation as trustworthy, while ordinary citizens may post unreliable information. In fact, studies show that false stories are going more

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3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

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is the process of choosing decision-making bodies via a random selection. These bodies can be more representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large than an elected legislature or other decision-maker. The technique was in widespread use in

4281:. Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, to answer 103 questions (during the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums). Although in the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum.6792:

of the democratic system is compromised when lack of access to substantive, diverse, and undistorted information is handicapping the citizens' capability of evaluating the political process. The fast pace and trivialization in the competitive news media is

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is logical proof that if each decision-maker has a better than chance probability of making the right decision, then having the largest number of decision-makers, i.e. a democracy, will result in the best decisions. This has also been argued by theories of

5446:, also referred to as democracy building, can be domestic policy to increase the quality of already existing democracy or a strand of foreign policy adopted by governments and international organizations that seek to support the spread of democracy as a4241:

Some modern democracies that are predominantly representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic. These democracies, which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy, are termed

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called this "childish", as compared with the stone voting ballots used by the Athenian citizenry. Sparta adopted it because of its simplicity, and to prevent any biased voting, buying, or cheating that was predominant in the early democratic elections.

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allocates votes to member states in part according to their population, but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states. A consociational democracy requires consensus of representatives, while consensus democracy requires consensus of electorate.

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is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society. Democracy's role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, dissent and antagonisms in decision-making processes.

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in the Americas also developed a form of democratic society between 1450 and 1660 (and possibly in 1142), well before contact with the Europeans. This democracy continues to the present day and is the world's oldest standing representative democracy.

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is conducive to democracy promotion and building in the developing world. Here, facilitator and former MICAH Police Commissioner Yves Bouchard shares mission experience with senior military and police officials in mission management to contribute to

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there is a hostility to what is commonly called "liberal democracy", which is referred to as parliamentary democracy because of its centralised nature. Because of orthodox Marxists' desire to eliminate the political elitism they see in capitalism,

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turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs (often gradually) with limited or symbolic roles. For example, in the predecessor states to the United Kingdom, constitutional monarchy began to emerge and has continued uninterrupted since the

2015:, the creation of the United States, with its large size and its system of checks and balances, was a solution to the dual problems of size. Forms of democracy occurred organically in societies around the world that had no contact with each other.5401:

A 2023 study analyzed the long-term effects of democracy on economic prosperity using new data on GDP per capita and democracy for a dataset between 1789 and 2019. The results indicate that democracy substantially increases economic development.

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Commercial mass media are often differentiated along the political spectrum so that people can hear mainly opinions that they already agree with. Too much controversy and diverse opinions are not always profitable for the commercial news media.

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which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation. Similarly,

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says that the "classical" view of democracy is, "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people and that the people have a right to rule". One study identified 2,234 adjectives used to describe democracy in the English language.

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majority rule and the consent of the governed, the existence of free and fair elections, the protection of minorities and respect for basic human rights. Democracy presupposes equality before the law, due process and political pluralism.

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The executive usually has the responsibility to execute or implement legislation and may have the limited legislative powers, such as a veto. However, a legislative branch passes legislation and budgets. This provides some measure of

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Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of

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is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups. If the decision-makers cannot reach

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to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy. First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open

2405:(local assembly), which subsequently obtained more rights. During the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth century, sejmiks received more and more power and became the most important institutions of local power. In 1454,4664:, moderated by a constitution or laws that such as the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and constrained on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities.4173:

Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives. A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to:

6608:, or debate on democracy and the different aspects of how to implement democracy best have been widely discussed. There are both internal critics (those who call upon the constitutional regime to be true to its own highest3539:. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregation of preferences that occurs in voting.3124:

By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the world's populations lived in nominal democracies that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge (particularly in

7048:, and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied males over the age of 21 the right to vote; however, this was not enforced in practice. Some poor white men remained excluded at least until the passage of the5579:

Several philosophers and researchers have outlined historical and social factors seen as supporting the evolution of democracy. Other commentators have mentioned the influence of economic development. In a related theory,

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often has limited ability to remove a president from office. Elections typically have a fixed date and aren't easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, specifically appointing the cabinet members.

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Cushion, Stephen; Franklin, Bob (2015). "Public Service Broadcasting: Markets and Vulnerable Values in Broadcast and Print Journalism". In Coleman, Stephen; Moss, Giles; Parry, Katy; Halperin, John; Ryan, Michael (eds.).

2075:, but its usage was older by several decades, as two Athenians born in the 470s were named Democrates, a new political name—likely in support of democracy—given at a time of debates over constitutional issues in Athens.1596:

to do so. Who is considered part of "the people" and how authority is shared among or delegated by the people has changed over time and at different rates in different countries. Features of democracy oftentimes include

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who were citizens of Athens enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person.

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Economic Intelligence Unit Democracy Index, 2022, p. 4: "According to our measure of democracy, less than half (45.7%) of the world's population now live in a democracy of some sort, a significant decline from 2020

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remarked that "No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."

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contributed significantly to many aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives. The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of

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are referred to as forms of direct democracy. However, some advocates of direct democracy argue for local assemblies of face-to-face discussion. Direct democracy as a government system currently exists in the

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was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure.

4388:". The essence of the concept is that the second largest political party (or opposition) opposes the governing party (or coalition), while still remaining loyal to the state and its democratic principles.3493:—with half to their left and the other half to their right. This is not a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self-interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes.15373:

Esser, Frank; Matthes, Jörg (2013). "Mediatization Effects on Political News, Political Actors, Political Decisions, and Political Audiences". In Kriesi, Hanspeter; Esser, Frank; Bühlmann, Marc (eds.).

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towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected, budgets for the town and schools are voted on, and citizens have the opportunity to speak and be heard on political matters.

2473:(1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the2374:

is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. However, the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch.

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were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament. The taxed peasantry was represented in parliament, although with little influence, but commoners without taxed property had no suffrage.

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Dahl, Robert A., Ian Shapiro, José Antônio Cheibub, and Adam Przeworski. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense.” Essay. In The Democracy Sourcebook, 12–17. Cambridge, MA, MA: MIT Press, 2003.

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An example of geographical determinants for democracy is having access to coastal areas and rivers. This natural endowment has a positive relation with economic development thanks to the benefits of

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was the first in which non-property-holding white males could vote in the vast majority of states. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of the adult white male population in the

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in places of work and education, and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature. The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher

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asserted, "It is, therefore the natural property of small states to be governed as a republic, of middling ones to be subject to a monarch, and of large empires to be swayed by a despotic prince."

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According to Freedom House, starting in 2005, there have been 17 consecutive years in which declines in political rights and civil liberties throughout the world have outnumbered improvements, as

2945:, and religious and economic circumstances. Global waves of "democratic regression" reversing democratization, have also occurred in the 1920s and 30s, in the 1960s and 1970s, and in the 2010s.10955:

7113:

Other names include autocratization, democratic decline, de-democratization, democratic erosion, democratic decay, democratic recession, democratic regression, and democratic deconsolidation.

4635:

insisted, was that the government be "bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend." As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the US Constitution,

17453:

6872:

has profoundly altered the conditions for political communication. The social media have given ordinary citizens easy access to voice their opinion and share information while bypassing the

14776:

8228:

5279:

Shareholder democracy is a concept relating to the governance of corporations by their shareholders. In the United States, shareholders are typically granted voting rights according to the

2561:

against a government that acted against their interest or became tyrannical. Although they were not widely read during his lifetime, Locke's works are considered the founding documents of

2728:, which, on declaring independence of Great Britain in 1777, adopted a constitution modelled on Pennsylvania's citizenship and democratic suffrage for males with or without property. The11403:

Joshua Cohen, "Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy" in Essays on Reason and Politics: Deliberative Democracy Ed. James Bohman and William Rehg (The MIT Press: Cambridge) 1997, 72–73.

10028:

6697:, policies, and candidates so that they can make a truly informed decision. Since the late 20'th century there has been a growing concern that voters may be poorly informed because the3938:

2011:

wrote, "If a republic be small, it is destroyed by a foreign force; if it is large, it is ruined by an internal imperfection." According to Johns Hopkins University political scientist

1916:

It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society. With its emphasis on notions of

2510:

have characterized the institutions implemented in the Glorious Revolution as a resounding success in terms of restraining the government and ensuring protection for property rights.

8934:

7356:

There is no practical alternative to majority political rule %E2%80%93 i.e., to taking the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual." Google Books

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9625:

9185:

9163:

5643:

An example of this is the disease environment. Places with different mortality rates had different populations and productivity levels around the world. For example, in Africa, the

4540:

Elite upper houses of legislatures, which often had lifetime or hereditary tenure, were common in many states. Over time, these either had their powers limited (as with the British

4169:'s citizen in November 2008 about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time.12718:

Bookchin, Murray. Communalism: The Democratic Dimensions of Social Anarchism. Anarchism, Marxism and the Future of the Left: Interviews and Essays, 1993–1998, AK Press 1999, p. 155

9430:

There is no practical alternative to majority political rule %E2%80%93 i.e., to take the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual." Google Books

17885:

14273:

Squicciarini, Mara and Voigtländer, Nico, Knowledge Elites and Modernization: Evidence from Revolutionary France (October 2016). NBER Working Paper No. w22779, Available at SSRN:

6638:

Critics of democracy have often tried to highlight democracy's inconsistencies, paradoxes, and limits by contrasting it with other forms of government, such as a less democratic

4111:

Several variants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of all eligible citizens executes its will. One form of democracy is

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therefore highly fragile and rare historically, as it could only survive in small political units, which due to their size were vulnerable to conquest by larger political units.

4804:

argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognised that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous. However,

4418:

is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president. The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country.

5584:

suggests that improved living-standards in modern developed countries can convince people that they can take their basic survival for granted, leading to increased emphasis on

15683:

Udris, Linards; Lucht, Jens (2014). "Mediatization at the Structural Level: Independence from Politics, Dependence on the Market". In Esser, Frank; Strömbäck, Jesper (eds.).

6769:, and less interest in voting. The ability to find effective political solutions to social problems is hampered when problems tend to be blamed on individuals rather than on19450:

12563:

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limit the majority and protect the minority—usually through securing the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, such as freedom of speech or freedom of association.

5591:

Douglas M. Gibler and Andrew Owsiak in their study argued about the importance of peace and stable borders for the development of democracy. It has often been assumed that

4103:

The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another: many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system.

2744:, instead leaving the issue of suffrage to the individual states. Generally, states limited suffrage to white male property owners and taxpayers. At the time of the first8978:

Abramson, Scott F.; Boix, Carles (2019). "Endogenous Parliaments: The Domestic and International Roots of Long-Term Economic Growth and Executive Constraints in Europe".

4818:

Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt-in favour of a non-majoritarian form of

2787:

that met in 1793. Nonetheless, the 1791 Constitution helped keep alive Polish aspirations for the eventual restoration of the country's sovereignty over a century later.

1565:

of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive definitions link democracy to guarantees of

12617:

8849:

explicitly in return for a payment of tax by the whole kingdom, and this paved the way for the first summons of Parliament in 1265, to approve the granting of taxation.

4324:, is a feature of some versions of direct democracies. In this system, important governmental and administrative tasks are performed by citizens picked from a lottery.17446:

14916:

10168:

4380:

government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people.

2300:, provided representation and voting rights to its male aristocracy only. Various Italian city-states and polities had republic forms of government. For instance, the1811:, and social norms by which individuals and institutions only consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality.3854:

Because democracy is an overarching concept that includes the functioning of diverse institutions which are not easy to measure, limitations exist in quantifying and

9348:

North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1989). "Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England".

7732:

5888:, which erode the democratic nature of governments. This has happened on a local level even in well-established democracies like the United States; for example, the3497:

suggests that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments. Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book

3978:

13519:

2085:, staged in c.463 BC, where he mentions "the demos's ruling hand" . Before that time, the word used to define the new political system of Cleisthenes was probably13016:

5743:

to an undemocratic form of government. Domestic military coups or rebellions are the most common means by which democratic governments have been overthrown. (See

2756:

in 1791 set limits on government power to protect personal freedoms but had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification.

1784:, every vote has (in theory) equal weight, and the freedom of eligible citizens is secured by legitimised rights and liberties which are typically enshrined in a22837:

7315:

3192:

The liberal trend spread to some states in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the

2779:, introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, mitigating the worst abuses of5398:

1960 to 2010. Acemoglu said this was because democracies tended to invest more in health care and human capital, and reduce special treatment of regime allies.

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17372:

12768:

7037:

2823:

2819:

13432:

11776:

Democracy and Autocracy, Why do Democracies Develop and Decline, Vol. 21(1) June 2023, Democracy and Autocracy Section, American Political Science Association

7819:

3726:

Democracy indices differ in scope and weighting of different aspects of democracy, including the breadth of core democratic institutions, competitiveness and

3158:

countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now either part of the

2971:

empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states in Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic. In the 1920s democratic movements flourished and

17439:

16051:

15307:

Donges, Patrick; Jarren, Otfried (2014). "Mediatization of Organizations: Changing Parties and Interest Groups?". In Esser, Frank; Strömbäck, Jesper (eds.).

6745:. Fierce economic competition may force the mass media to divert themselves from any democratic ideals and focus entirely on how to survive the competition.5215:

Aside from the public sphere, similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of groups. Many

4945:, purports to describe a political system that combines a structured ethnic dominance with democratic, political and civil rights for all. Both the dominant2827:

15668:

Pickard, Victor (2020). "The Public Media Option: Confronting Policy Failure in an Age of Misinformation". In Bennett, W. Lance; Livingston, Steven (eds.).

10673:

22827:

10607:

6849:, personalities, and the pecadillos of politicians. Public service broadcasters are characterized by more policy-relevant information and more respect for5661:

Robert Michels asserts that although democracy can never be fully realised, democracy may be developed automatically in the act of striving for democracy:

2061:, what is generally held as the first example of a type of democracy in 508–507 BC was established in Athens. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of12934:

9951:

2619:

who founded these colonies applied the democratic organisation of their congregations also to the administration of their communities in worldly matters.

7548:

2764:

1505:

14164:

Rindermann, H (2008). "Relevance of education and intelligence for the political development of nations: Democracy, rule of law and political liberty".

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5628:

Evidence consistent with conventional theories of why democracy emerges and is sustained has been hard to come by. Statistical analyses have challenged

22702:

13542:

9666:

The ungovernable rock: a history of the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom and its role in Britain's Mediterranean strategy during the Revolutionary War, 1793–1797

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of the large news media. This is often seen as an advantage for democracy. The new possibilities for communication have fundamentally changed the way

1656:. Today, the dominant form of democracy is representative democracy, where citizens elect government officials to govern on their behalf such as in a21649:

16307:

15772:

Voltmer, Katrin; Sorensen, Lone (2019). "Media, Power, Citizenship: The Mediatization of Democratic Change". In Voltmer, Katrin; etal. (eds.).

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8299:

15788:

15322:

Esser, Frank (2013). "Mediatization as a Challenge: Media Logic versus Political Logic". In Kriesi, Hanspeter; Esser, Frank; Bühlmann, Marc (eds.).

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in 1188, the Cortes had authority over setting taxation, foreign affairs and legislating, though the exact nature of its role remains disputed. The

15021:

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9288:

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is emerging when different people read different news and watch different TV channels. This polarization has been worsened by the emergence of the

3395:). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system (he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to timocracy).15486:

Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (2016). "The Business of News". In Witschge, Tamara; Anderson, Christopher William; Domingo, David; Hermida, Alfred (eds.).

14745:

12278:; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003).4092:

3343:

Countries autocratising (red) or democratising (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.

2745:

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One theory holds that democracy requires three fundamental principles: upward control (sovereignty residing at the lowest levels of authority),

22842:

19803:

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11027:

3971:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature18941:

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obligations as a means to improve the democratic process by providing the kind of political contents that a free market does not provide. The

6761:, conflict, and competitive strategies has made voters perceive the politicians as egoists rather than idealists. This fosters mistrust and a6733:

A principled resistance to the efforts of forces outside the media to subvert their independence, integrity, and ability to serve the audience

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to increasing tolerance, rationality, political literacy and participation. Two effects of education and cognitive ability are distinguished:

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643:

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Gunther, Richard; Mugham, Anthony (2000). "The Political Impact of the Media: A Reassessment". In Gunther, Richard; Mugham, Anthony (eds.).

11806:"The scientific limits of understanding the (potential) relationship between complex social phenomena: the case of democracy and inequality"11517:

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9921:

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1680:(e.g. Switzerland) are applied. They serve the crucial purpose of inclusiveness and broader legitimacy on sensitive issues—counterbalancing22212:

14975:

10536:

10385:

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5800:, in which the leader of the government extra-legally seizes all power or unlawfully extends the term in office. This can be done through:638:

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10633:"Archives of Maryland, Volume 0138, Page 0051 – Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Constitutional Convention Commission, 1968"9629:

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systems, with some using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy, such as

14629:

6884:

operate and organize. The internet and social media have provided powerful new tools for democracy movements in developing countries and

6592:

3352:

3166:. In 1986, after the toppling of the most prominent Asian dictatorship, the only democratic state of its kind at the time emerged in the3163:

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2362:, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with the right to appeal. The first representative national assembly in20593:

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conflicts; and equality among citizens, beyond the limits of the state. To be fully implemented, this would require reforming existing

12439:

Taussig, Capt. J. K., "Experiences during the Boxer Rebellion," in Quarterdeck and Fo'c'sle. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1963

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are considered important to ensure that voters are well informed, enabling them to vote according to their own interests and beliefs.

22782:

18032:

17955:

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15268:

Bucy, Erik P.; D'Angelo, Paul (1999). "The Crisis of Political Communication: Normative Critiques of News and Democratic Processes".

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Some scholars have searched for the "deep" determinants of contemporary political institutions, be they geographical or demographic.

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peacekeeping missions. The Planification Avancée des Missions Intégrées (APIM), or Advanced Mission Planning Course, was held by the

4338:

Representative democracy involves the election of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also

4214:

722:

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12673:

The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution: Including The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International

2236:, there existed various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small part of the population. In1648:

The notion of democracy has evolved considerably over time. Throughout history, one can find evidence of direct democracy, in which

22056:

20778:

19583:

17516:

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15250:

Gurevitch, Michael; Blumler, Jay G. (1990). "Political Communication Systems and Democratic Values". In Lichtenberg, Judith (ed.).

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famously said, "if a republic is small, it is destroyed by an outside force; if it is large, it is destroyed by an internal vice."

2807:

2803:

2513:

Renewed interest in the Magna Carta, the English Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution in the 17th century prompted the growth of

936:

15355:

Vreese, Claes H. de (2014). "Mediatization of News: The Role of Journalistic Framing". In Esser, Frank; Strömbäck, Jesper (eds.).

12644:

2358:(1215), which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of2161:, although it didn't have much of a democracy. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries.21696:

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report identifying citizens assemblies as an increasingly popular mechanism to involve citizens in governmental decision-making.

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1498:

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brought disenchantment and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships.

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A sense of respect for the audience member, as potentially concerned and able to make sense of his or her political environment

5382:

argue that democracies are more economically successful because undemocratic political systems tend to limit markets and favor

14656:

Chull Shin, Doh (2021). "Democratic deconsolidation in East Asia: exploring system realignments in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan".

10585:"General Assembly declares 15 September International Day of Democracy; Also elects 18 Members to Economic and Social Council"9603:

4303:

are often used, especially in rural areas, to manage local government. This creates a hybrid form of government, with a local

3351:" in the 2010s were attributed to economic inequality and social discontent, personalism, poor government's management of the3329:

1768:

Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy.

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Snyder, Richard; Samuels, David (2006), "Devaluing the vote in Latin America", in Diamond, Larry; Plattner, Marc F. (eds.),

17930:

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14104:

9562:

9237:

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3864:

3302:). In a Freedom House report released in 2018, Democracy Scores for most countries declined for the 12th consecutive year.3197:

2898:

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Cinelli, Matteo; Morales, Gianmarco De Francisci; Galeazzi, Alessandro; Quattrociocchi, Walter; Starnini, Michele (2021).

7729:

5710:

in the process of government selection. Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the

5068:

are preferred. The term applies to all democratic countries in which religion is incorporated into the form of government.

2316:, a distinctly non-feudal society, the right to vote on local matters and on county officials was based on land size. The21496:

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17846:

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10562:

5787:

4085:

3848:

2371:

46:

21521:

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3863:, are generally not included in democracy indices due to the difficulty measuring these aspects. Other aspects, such as3142:

by the mid-to-late 1980s. Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the

19796:

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17614:

16160:

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11851:

Schmitter, Philippe C. and Terry Lynn Karl. 1991. "What Democracy is.. . and is Not." Journal of Democracy 2 (3): 75-88

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7071:

5822:

2830:(1870) that gave black males a nominal right to vote. Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the2741:

2664:

1491:

13831:

Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".

13412:

9215:

8956:

7287:

5110:

Cosmopolitan democracy has been promoted, among others, by physicist Albert Einstein, writer Kurt Vonnegut, columnist

2913:

became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th-century Corsican Republic) to establish active

2643:. Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century.22887:

19588:

17945:

17940:

17920:

17745:

15565:"Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies"13313:

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9193:

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3333:

3229:

2952:

Painting depicting the opening of the first Australian Parliament in 1901, one of the events that formed part of the

2925:

2648:

2367:

14412:

8733:

8663:

Lightfoot, Sheryl R. (2021). "Decolonizing Self-Determination: Haudenosaunee Passports and Negotiated Sovereignty".

5772:

3720:, or continuous values. The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying22717:

22078:

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19916:

19117:

18528:

17999:

17935:

17467:

16904:

16293:

14425:

Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James (2005). "Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth".

14379:

Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James (2005). "Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth".

13600:"Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour"11222:

Deudney, D.: Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village. (eBook and Paperback)

6907:

Reliable information sources are essential for the democratic process. Less democratic governments rely heavily on

6502:

6402:

5624:

an ethical effect (support of democratic values, freedom, human rights etc.), which itself depends on intelligence.

2882:

595:

495:

15698:

Thoday, Jon (2018). "Public Service Television and the Crisis of Content". In Freedman, Des; Goblot, Vana (eds.).

10218:

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4639:

asked him "Well, Doctor, what have we got—a republic or a monarchy?". He replied "A republic—if you can keep it."

4193:

Within modern-day representative governments, certain electoral tools like referendums, citizens' initiatives and

22817:

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19661:

18986:

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16218:

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Mietzner, Marcus (2021). "Sources of resistance to democratic decline: Indonesian civil society and its trials".

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6585:

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in all fields of social life: political democracy in the form of face-to-face assemblies which are confederated,

4698:

4206:

2972:

2489:

in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. After the

2154:

1376:

678:

19419:

14557:

Laebens, Melis G.; Lührmann, Anna (2021). "What halts democratic erosion? The changing role of accountability".

9590:

Democracy's Privileged Few. Legislative Privilege and Democratic Norms in the British and American Constitutions

9306:

in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.

8229:"The Dawn of Everything by David Graeber and David Wengrow review – inequality is not the price of civilisation"6619:

Criticism of democracy has been a key part of democracy, its functions, and its development throughout history.

5804:

3712:

The democracies indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies,

2736:. The Constitution provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties, but did not end22008:

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18776:

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17350:

17153:

13920:

Gibler, Douglas M.; Owsiak, Andrew (2017). "Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919–2001".

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1925:

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11751:

11518:"Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave | en | OECD"7514:

5776:

3548:

after authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule.

2018:

Retrospectively different polities, outside of declared democracies, have been described as proto-democratic.

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Elections in the Ott Empire (1995).pdf "Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1919"

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are focusing more on entertainment and gossip and less on serious journalistic research on political issues.

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5858:

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5363:

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4879:

3709:

assessments of the state of democracy for different countries according to various definitions of democracy.

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in order to stay in power, while independent sources of information are able to undermine their legitimacy.

5764:

5595:, but this study shows that, historically, peace has almost always predated the establishment of democracy.22772:

22757:

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pp. 6, 13, 18: "Dictatorships are on the rise and harbor 70% of the world population – 5.4 billion people."

7005:

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6818:. Extreme political polarization may undermine the trust in democratic institutions, leading to erosion of6417:

5711:

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4573:

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2753:

2737:

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1993:

510:

11787:

4580:

as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed

2339:

22934:

22178:

21689:

21576:

21571:

21356:

19163:

19011:

18392:

17950:

17831:

17712:

17592:

17411:

17306:

16415:

15835:

13286:

9843:

6873:

6834:

6447:

6212:

5929:

5497:

5342:

5096:

4994:

4761:

4631:

and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities." What was critical to American values,

4599:, which in their view often came without the protection of a constitution enshrining inalienable rights;4358:

3981:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it2873:

as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.

2545:

2248:. These deliberative bodies were responsible for settling political questions, and variants included the1203:

718:

540:

305:

9292:

9021:

Møller, Jørgen (2014). "Why Europe Avoided Hegemony: A Historical Perspective on the Balance of Power".

2573:. His liberal democratic framework of governance remains the preeminent form of democracy in the world.1858:, the principles also are potentially applicable to private organisations, such as clubs, societies and22049:

21772:

20241:

19901:

19598:

19208:

19133:

19071:

18936:

17864:

17826:

17657:

17416:

17295:

12427:

11255:"Public Space as Emancipation: Meditations on Anarchism, Radical Democracy, Neoliberalism and Violence"10819:

https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf

10412:"Did the United States Create Democracy in Germany?: The Independent Review: The Independent Institute"6578:

5937:

4660:, where the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the4537:). An elected person, with or without significant powers, became the head of state in these countries.4270:

3968:

3117:

3074:

2772:

2749:

2729:

2668:

2536:

2081:

1823:

are often identified by commentators as foundational characteristics for a well-functioning democracy.

1024:

671:

26:

20558:

19046:

18996:

17431:

14195:

Albertus, Michael; Menaldo, Victor (2012). "Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratisation".

12728:

10608:"'The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age"5830:

Royal coup, in which a monarch not normally involved in government seizes all power. For example, the

5813:

to obtain re-election of a previously fairly elected official or political party. For example, in the

3092:

emerged as the world's largest democracy and continues to be so. Countries that were once part of the

2157:

was the first case in the Western world of a polity being formed with the explicit purpose of being a

22919:

22697:

22657:

22098:

20605:

20548:

20133:

19153:

18860:

18781:

18417:

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17383:

16575:

16364:

16116:

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12970:

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7368:

7049:

5835:

5768:

5481:

4902:

4875:

3545:

2866:

2835:

2811:

2600:

1997:

1835:

1688:, the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but a30:

14746:"Waves of autocratization and democratization: a critical note on conceptualization and measurement"11805:

10087:

8835:

5126:

in 2003 was seen as a major step forward by many supporters of this type of cosmopolitan democracy.

4269:

is a semi-direct democracy. At the federal level, citizens can propose changes to the constitution (

3891:

in its favour, then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy.

2285:

22797:

22525:

22287:

22247:

22237:

22185:

21446:

19193:

19158:

18727:

18516:

18412:

18221:

18168:

18018:

17811:

17361:

16794:

16600:

15713:

Schulz, Winfried (2014). "Mediatization and New Media". In Esser, Frank; Strömbäck, Jesper (eds.).

13797:"The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization"12922:

12754:

The Political Potential of Sortition: A study of the random selection of citizens for public office

12275:

10962:

10724:

10540:

7010:

7000:

6627:

extensively studied the historic attempts at and arguments on democracy in his preparation for the

6482:

6327:

6187:

4865:

4812:

4718:

4490:. Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, have been referred to as4415:

4333:

4116:

3591:

3295:

2854:

1781:

1585:

774:

575:

420:

280:

15637:

Broadcasting, voice, and accountability: A public interest approach to policy, law, and regulation

15292:

Blumler, Jay G. (2014). "Mediatization and Democracy". In Esser, Frank; Strömbäck, Jesper (eds.).

14940:"Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries1"9322:

6861:

has put the public service model under increased pressure from competition with commercial media.

5107:, which ideally would enhance public control over, and accountability in, international politics.4568:

has many different meanings, but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected

2953:

2724:

property ownership or taxpaying requirements. With few exceptions, no blacks or women could vote.

2092:

Athenian democracy took the form of direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features: the

1928:

because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in

1869:

is the dominant form. Without compensation, like legal protections of individual or group rights,

1729:, as distinct from that which existed in antiquity, is generally considered to have originated in22575:

22483:

21782:

21777:

21426:

21346:

20763:

20352:

20263:

19414:

19391:

19356:

19138:

19102:

19026:

18961:

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17702:

17642:

17567:

16859:

16384:

12590:

12564:"'A republic, if you can keep it': Did Ben Franklin really say Impeachment Day's favorite quote?"11445:"When do deliberative citizens change their opinions? Evidence from the Irish Citizens' Assembly"9925:

7059:

7045:

6940:

6762:

6487:

6422:

6332:

6307:

6162:

5715:

5707:

5592:

5485:

5319:

5288:

5038:

4797:

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believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes (which are sometimes called

4702:

4636:

4432:

4353:

Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or

4003:

3918:

3754:

3549:

3031:

2858:

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2776:

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2527:

2450:

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1939:

1874:

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1752:

systems. World public opinion strongly favors democratic systems of government. According to the

1622:

1432:

999:

580:

515:

425:

400:

255:

21160:

14939:

12876:

12455:

O'Neil, Patrick H. Essentials of Comparative Politics. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton 2010. Print

10411:

10389:

9709:

Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 1776–1789

6708:

have proposed a number of functions that the mass media are expected to fulfill in a democracy:

6658:

moments in modern democracies; they have termed the societies produced by modern democracies as

4036:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended2065:". The first attested use of the word democracy is found in prose works of the 430s BC, such as57:allowed tens of millions of South Africans, including Mandela, to vote for the first time.22747:

22737:

22326:

22257:

22242:

21723:

21682:

20753:

20733:

20583:

20253:

19881:

19706:

19608:

19565:

19424:

19305:

18712:

18657:

18148:

16653:

16590:

16585:

15670:

The Disinformation Age: Politics, Technology, and Disruptive Communication in the United States

14465:

14344:

12896:

7847:

6807:

6605:

6312:

6302:

6269:

6197:

6152:

6132:

6113:

6053:

6043:

6038:

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5850:

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5831:

5585:

5315:

5078:

5020:

4914:

4801:

4743:

4202:

4043:

3993:

3928:

3552:

are considered by many scholars as practical examples of deliberative democracy, with a recent

3531:

3425:

3348:

3058:

2550:

2522:

2486:

2438:

2113:

1661:

1602:

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1014:

405:

395:

362:

290:

245:

225:

206:

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131:

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21:

For representative democracy, which operates under the principles of classical liberalism, see

20620:

16253:

15167:

15093:

13647:

Hawkins, Kirk Andrew; Carlin, Ryan E.; Littvay, Levente; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (eds.).

12001:

10837:

Greskovitz, Béla (2015). "The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East-Central Europe".

10360:

9866:

9321:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from8884:

6693:

The theory of democracy relies on the implicit assumption that voters are well informed about

3239:

1938:, though often popularly associated with democracy because of the shared principle of rule by22857:

22832:

22762:

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22173:

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18623:

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18098:

18083:

17707:

17667:

17531:

17496:

17463:

17266:

16764:

16500:

16045:

13445:

Meernik, James (1996). "United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy".

12202:

11666:

11632:

10456:

9713:

9707:

9472:

9263:

8430:

8138:

7875:

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5042:

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2733:

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415:

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12816:"The Calculus of Consensus Democracy: Rethinking Patterns of Democracy Without Veto Players"11170:

10061:

9429:

7749:

7355:

5034:

again autonomous regarding issues that affect only the population affected by that council.

4800:. To many anarchists, the only form of democracy considered acceptable is direct democracy.2284:

composed of cardinals since 1059. The first documented parliamentary body in Europe was the

22852:

22607:

22520:

22498:

22421:

22417:

22346:

22262:

22207:

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18971:

18686:

18577:

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17597:

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15803:

15514:

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13232:

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6540:

6342:

6244:

6177:

6108:

6103:

6083:

5989:

5866:

5699:

5629:

5460:

in 1990 to nearly 20% in 2005. More controversially and rare, it can also take the form of

5452:

International democracy promotion typically takes three forms: assistance, monitoring, and

5447:

5387:

5291:. The shareholder democracy framework may be inaccurate for companies which have different5258:

5183:

4845:

4755:

4706:

4694:

4681:

4657:

4408:

4374:

3907:

3888:

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granted the sejmiks the right to decide on taxes and to convene a mass mobilization in the

2406:

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1975:

1910:

1657:

633:

435:

337:

270:

201:

196:

176:

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19429:

15066:"Democratic Athens as an Experimental System: History and the Project of Political Theory"14888:

14871:

14329:

13388:

13371:

13151:

13132:

12357:

Fenichel Pitkin, Hanna (September 2004). "Representation and democracy: uneasy alliance".

10584:

9107:

9090:

4161:

and information brochures for each vote (and can send it back by post). Switzerland has a

1684:—and therefore mostly take precedence on a constitutional level. In the common variant of8:

22877:

22742:

22612:

22402:

22331:

22088:

22061:

22044:

22032:

21854:

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21606:

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17779:

17733:

17647:

17587:

17328:

16944:

16769:

16643:

16580:

16565:

14592:

Daly, Tom Gerald (2019). "Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field".

12568:

12225:

11032:

8311:

R. Po-chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith,

7487:

7015:

6945:

6930:

6901:

6814:

that allow people to communicate mainly with groups of like-minded people, the so-called

6535:

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6362:

6337:

6274:

6254:

6224:

6207:

6202:

6192:

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6098:

6073:

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5280:

5240:

5061:

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In other countries, the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system (as in

4487:

4483:

4397:

4274:

4266:

3944:

3325:

2870:

2768:

2672:

2656:

2592:

2566:

2558:

2494:

2490:

2482:

2333:

2046:

2041:

first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of

1902:

1878:

1677:

1610:

1598:

1366:

1275:

1232:

1019:

784:

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300:

295:

285:

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10864:

Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew; Madrid, Raúl L. (27 November 2019). "The perils of personalism".

10514:

9787:

9738:

8364:

Davies, John K. (1977). "Athenian Citizenship: The Descent Group and the Alternatives".

8055:

8002:

The Age of the Democratic Revolution: Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800

7781:

Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order

4701:

are some examples. Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of

3734:, freedom of expression, various aspects of governance, democratic norm transgressions,1958:. In a modern sense the republican form of government is a form of government without a22929:

22924:

22597:

22513:

22503:

22336:

22299:

22229:

22168:

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21929:

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a cognitive effect (competence to make rational choices, better information-processing)

5284:

5135:

4986:

4841:

4735:

4710:

4581:

4347:

4321:

4182:

3949:

Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature

3881:

3750:

3419:

Among modern political theorists, there are three contending conceptions of democracy:

3097:

3088:, and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions.2938:

2914:

2660:

2652:

2596:

2363:

2293:

2062:

2032:

1831:

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789:

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600:

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21050:

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15391:

Soft news goes to war. Public opinion and american foreign policy in the new media era

15223:

Barnett, Steven (2002). "Will a crisis in journalism provoke a crisis in democracy?".

14434:

14388:

14066:

10772:"Freedom House: Democracy Scores for Most Countries Decline for 12th Consecutive Year"9868:

Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans

7329:

3320:, in countries like Poland, Turkey and Hungary. For example, in Poland, the President2535:

led lives that were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" and constantly waged a

22727:

22629:

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22582:

22493:

22440:

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18628:

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12909:

Smooha, S. 'The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state',

12887:

12800:

12677:

12650:

12623:

12512:

12380:

12372:

12337:

12312:

12287:

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10700:

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10067:

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8766:

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5493:

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Democracy promotion can increase the quality of already existing democracies, reduce

5119:

4990:

4882:

is a consociational democracy approach for supranational democracies. This system in

4871:

4805:

4782:

4781:). This system can begin with workplace democracy and ultimately manifests itself as4731:

4648:

4604:

4545:

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3698:

3586:

3565:

3460:

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3392:

3213:

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11829:

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Elections in Asia and the Pacific: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific

9537:

9124:

7608:

7167:

4346:. The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a2717:, something that was not included in most other democracies until the 20th century.2007:

turn despotic. At the same time, small political units were vulnerable to conquest.

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14691:

Hyde, Susan D. (2020). "Democracy's backsliding in the international environment".

14665:

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Daron Acemoglu; Suresh Naidu; Pascual Restrepo; James A. Robinson (February 2019).

13215:

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9959:. Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Archived from9802:

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9061:

9030:

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Reproducing Athens: Menander's Comedy, Democratic Culture, and the Hellenistic City

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The voting franchise in the United Kingdom was expanded and made more uniform in a

2676:

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Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies

15685:

Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies

15357:

Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies

15309:

Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies

15294:

Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies

14819:

14802:

14764:

14669:

14570:

14512:

13497:

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11821:

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10146:

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The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740

7805:

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has allowed military logic to penetrate public institutions, leading to increased

5253:

3251:, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972). According to2948:

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into ruling clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the

1630:

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Further information on the role of the mass media in the democratic process:

6568:

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5723:

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5480:, and the chance of democratic backsliding. Democracy promotion measures include5391:

5311:

4954:

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4808:

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system and votes (and elections) are organised about four times a year; here, to

4023:

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3743:

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would posit a different interpretation of social contract theory. Writing in his

2532:

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The early history of Rome: books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations

15048:

A/AS Level History for AQA Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945 Student Book

13481:

13458:

13219:

12466:"64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World"8348:

7687:

6841:

has recommended public service broadcasting in order to strengthen democracy in

22892:

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16814:

16718:

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16182:(2016) "What is Democracy? A Reconceptualization of the Quality of Democracy".16104:

14605:

14286:

14208:

13815:

13796:

13520:"Book Review: Against Elections: The Case for Democracy by David Van Reybrouck"12517:

12283:

12075:, Chapter Three: Who is Running the Show? The Workings of Zapatista Government.11339:

10434:"World | South Asia | Country profiles | Country profile: India"8910:

6916:

6789:

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and less as debates about ideologies and issues. The dominating media focus on

6716:

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for opposing democracy, and says "majority rule" is consistent with anarchism.

4627:

4585:

4541:

4450:

4437:

4033:

3860:

3640:

3519:

3504:

3476:

3328:. In Turkey, thousands of judges were removed from their positions following a3256:

3185:

3171:

3159:

3151:

3093:

3085:

3070:

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2964:

2942:

2894:

2687:

2503:

2474:

2442:

2281:

2269:

2261:

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1870:

1855:

1827:

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1734:

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1390:

1295:

1128:

1042:

590:

480:

250:

42:

16242:

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14251:

14234:

14082:

13889:

Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World

13666:

13615:

13327:

13308:

13203:

13001:

11220:

11140:

11012:

10570:

9442:

Curte, Merle (1937). "The Great Mr. Locke: America's Philosopher, 1783–1861".

9361:

9066:

9049:

8991:

8886:

The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War

8817:

8676:

7389:. Vol.7 (Expo '70 hardcovered.). William Benton. pp.215–23.7044:. It counted all residents for apportionment including slaves, overriding the6623:

famously opposed democracy, arguing for a 'government of the best qualified';

5718:, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially5029:

or participatory polity is a theoretical form of democracy that is ruled by a

4981:

Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for

3181:

2627:

1924:

of all the voters, democracy can also be characterised as a form of political

1898:

1744:

Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is not vested in the

22913:

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19631:

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19148:

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18981:

18895:

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18681:

18482:

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18184:

18143:

18138:

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16354:

16190:

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15581:

15564:

15464:

14963:

14260:

13933:

13417:

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12847:"The shift to consensus democracy and limits of institutional design in Asia"12831:

11878:

11568:

11560:

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7543:

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Mechanisms for holding officials to account for how they have exercised power

6659:

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6264:

6217:

6093:

5791:

5740:

5703:

5691:

5610:

5546:

5534:

5450:. In practice, it entails consolidating and building democratic institutions5428:

5001:

in "Towards An Inclusive Democracy" and was further developed in the journal

4906:

4600:

4569:

4557:

4158:

4138:

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3958:

3713:

3494:

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3248:

2518:

2434:

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2181:

1985:

1943:

1866:

1693:

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1241:

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1133:

974:

490:

357:

310:

186:

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16021:

15815:

15527:

15236:

14994:

Comparing Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics

14714:

14424:

14378:

13875:

Modernisation, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence

13599:

12142:

12115:

10850:

7541:

Popper, Karl (23 April 1988). "The open society and its enemies revisited",

7221:

7052:. For state elections, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in2885:. Later that year, a new constitution was promulgated, which provided for a2108:

in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also the

1980:

22882:

22682:

22587:

22433:

22407:

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21934:

21894:

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20312:

20248:

20118:

20108:

20103:

20022:

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19956:

19846:

19734:

19729:

19676:

19666:

19641:

19621:

19341:

19310:

19257:

19252:

19036:

18946:

18885:

18865:

18752:

18676:

18467:

18402:

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18158:

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17271:

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16849:

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15900:

15823:

15546:

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15065:

14931:

14722:

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13426:

12983:, first published in United Nations World New York, October 1947, pp. 13–1412408:

Keen, Benjamin, A History of Latin America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980.

11862:

11496:. Theories of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.11444:

7996:

7578:

7474:

6869:

6858:

6854:

6819:

6815:

6811:

6794:

6782:

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5575:, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.5423:

5323:

5199:

5175:

4946:

4918:

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4300:

3536:

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3078:

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11726:"The 'Varieties of Democracy' data: how do researchers measure democracy?"11692:

11084:

9806:

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8799:

8213:

7448:

7303:

3522:

argues that "democracy is a substantive, not a merely procedural, ideal."

3026:

2790:

22822:

22570:

22565:

22557:

22542:

22367:

22272:

22083:

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20183:

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20047:

20027:

20007:

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19966:

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18880:

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18737:

18319:

18294:

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16623:

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16455:

16440:

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15077:

15061:

14358:

13262:

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12490:

11718:

11429:

Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens' Assembly

11171:"Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII, Chapter 10 (1160a.31-1161a.9)"11123:

Malka, Ariel; Lelkes, Yphtach; Bakker, Bert N.; Spivack, Eliyahu (2020).

10063:

The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why is it So Hard to Vote in America?

9558:

9428:. Quote: "Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.8911:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"6995:

6904:

may undermine public trust in the political system and public officials.

6823:

6705:

6651:

6377:

6068:

5862:

5648:

5292:

5232:

5228:

5224:

5220:

5195:

4917:

minority opinions can potentially be ignored by vote-winning majorities.

4728:

4661:

4495:

4466:

4458:

4442:

4296:

4259:

4199:

3717:

3404:

3380:

3317:

3309:

3291:

3167:

2960:

2910:

2842:

2784:

2783:. In force for less than 19 months, it was declared null and void by the2355:

2343:

2321:

2237:

2225:

2058:

2008:

1955:

1820:

1769:

1760:, less than half the world's population lives in a democracy as of 2022.1730:

1708:

1649:

1618:

1400:

1385:

1327:

1198:

1062:

861:

856:

836:

826:

816:

470:

161:

38:

18701:

15635:

Buckley, Steve; Duer, Kreszentia; Mendel, Toby; Siochrú, Seán Ó (2008).

13234:

13161:

12102:

Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces in Latin America

11576:

11544:

11493:

Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation

11192:

10485:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"10457:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"9626:"Record of Ignatius Sancho's vote in the general election, October 1774"9091:"Representation and Consent: Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere"7192:"Democracy | Definition, History, Meaning, Types, Examples, & Facts"7058:(1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the6976:

6563:

5771:. Some military coups are supported by foreign governments, such as the4993:, moneyless and marketless economy, democracy in the social realm, i.e.4149:

2576:

In the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries, the

1476:

656:

22353:

22341:

22311:

22277:

22217:

21899:

21628:

21436:

21336:

21185:

21105:

20877:

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20610:

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20495:

20444:

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20173:

20153:

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19946:

19931:

19856:

19781:

19691:

19671:

19656:

19626:

18875:

18786:

18643:

18618:

18608:

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18492:

18374:

18314:

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17000:

16929:

16819:

16738:

16723:

16703:

16515:

16485:

16475:

16445:

16320:

16195:

Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed Its Meaning and Lost its Purpose

15881:

13852:

13624:

13584:

12792:

12619:

The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove

10674:"Democratising democracy: the road from women's to children's suffrage"9527:, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 63–65, 74–75, 102–05, 114–159459:

9391:

9034:

8385:

8193:

7922:

7488:

V-Dem Institute DEMOCRACY REPORT 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature?

6912:

6908:

6889:

6838:

6698:

6452:

6382:

6249:

5644:

5248:

5141:

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4724:

4654:

4632:

4362:

4289:

4285:

4255:

4251:

4186:

3900:

3855:

3279:

3225:

3139:

3118:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21, United Nations, 1948

2937:

20th-century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive "

2562:

2540:

2430:

2289:

2245:

1745:

1581:

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1405:

1361:

1356:

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1337:

1178:

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545:

475:

342:

15920:. National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper No. w27949.13568:

12967:"letter by Einstein – "To the General Assembly of the United Nations""12465:

12135:

Referendums Around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy

12087:

Teaching Rebellion: Stories from the Grassroots Mobilization in Oaxaca

11427:

10992:

10956:

Democracy Facing Global Challenges: V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2019

10169:"Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years"10013:

William G. Shade, "The Second Party System". in Paul Kleppner, et al.

9501:

The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower

7432:

5567:, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an4576:, serving for a limited term, in contrast to states with a hereditary3894:

3294:

political forces have gained ground everywhere from Poland (under the

3188:

taking the Oath of Office, becoming the first female president in Asia

2818:

after the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were passed: the

2257:

22787:

22359:

22321:

21914:

21728:

21326:

21265:

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20138:

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19866:

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18717:

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16980:

16909:

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16693:

16628:

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16510:

16480:

16460:

15449:"Advances in the Study of Democratic Responsiveness: An Introduction"14533:

14235:"The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years"13438:

11863:"Advances in the Study of Democratic Responsiveness: An Introduction"11624:

11125:"Who Is Open to Authoritarian Governance within Western Democracies?"9164:"From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century"6827:

6774:

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A council court of randomly chosen citizens serves as a check on the

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2485:(1660) restored more autocratic rule, although Parliament passed the2354:

had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into

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List. By Peter Reddaway. 18 February 2009. Downloaded 28 April 2017.

12784:

12741:

Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement of the Twenty-first Century

12417:

Kuykendall, Ralph, Hawaii: A History. New York: Prentice Hall, 1948.

11658:

11634:

Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology

10785:"As populism rises, fragile democracies move to weaken their courts"10276:

Reconstructing Gender in Middle East: Tradition, Identity, and Power

9050:"Political Institutions, Economic Liberty, and the Great Divergence"7778:

Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).

5698:

in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and

5064:

is a form of democracy where the values of a particular religion or

4653:

A liberal democracy is a representative democracy which enshrines a

4166:

1894:

1890:

1854:. Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of a1780:

and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a

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15863:

Prooijen, Jan-Willem van; Ligthart, Joline; Rosema, Sabine (2021).

15210:

Rich media, poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious times

14627:

Huq, Aziz Z (2021). "How (not) to explain a democratic recession".

14494:

14492:

13253:

7914:

7784:(4, reviseded.). Cambridge University Press. pp.37–39.6865:

6799:

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well-being. The treasure in the fable may well symbolise democracy.

5383:

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4910:

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are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a

4770:

4564:

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brought a definitive reversal of this trend in Western Europe. The

2996:

2612:

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2086:

1989:

1951:

1935:

1776:

Democratic principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being

1738:

1593:

1280:

841:

811:

754:

565:

535:

500:

322:

18010:

15731:

Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Petrova, Maria; Enikolopov, Ruben (2020).

15622:

Can the Media Serve Democracy?: Essays in Honour of Jay G. Blumler

15569:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

14314:

13795:

Lindenfors, Patrik; Wilson, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020).

13723:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

13649:

The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory, and analysis

13003:

The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy

12491:"Republic – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"11254:

10710:

from the original on 20 April 2017 – via Rutgers University.

8493:

6833:

Many media scholars have discussed non-commercial news media with

5419:

5322:, i.e. an election, and that political decisions must reflect the4727:

groups have interpreted socialist democracy to be synonymous with

4350:

of the votes. Most western countries have representative systems.

2379:

to Europe's relative political fragmentation. Political scientist

22692:

22547:

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21638:

21551:

20439:

20407:

20397:

20168:

20128:

19961:

19886:

19871:

19851:

18457:

17511:

17210:

16975:

16934:

16879:

16854:

16708:

16530:

16430:

15192:

Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy

14845:

Cassani, Andrea; Tomini, Luca (2019). "What Autocratization Is".

14411:

Mellinger, Andrew D., Jeffrey Sachs, and John L. Gallup. (1999).

13646:

13309:"Reanalysing the link between democracy and economic development"11598:

11543:

Geissel, Brigitte; Kneuer, Marianne; Lauth, Hans-Joachim (2016).

9993:] (in Polish). Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. p.12.8163:"Book IX. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to a Defensive Force"6663:

6655:

5845:

can end democracy in a gradual manner, by increasing emphasis on

5283:

principle. Shareholders may vote annually to elect the company's

4766:

4577:

4522:

4518:

4514:

4462:

4308:

4222:

4061:

3384:

3233:

3004:

3000:

2980:

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2725:

2616:

2588:

was elected by the representatives from the country's districts.

2253:

2249:

1959:

1638:

1082:

919:

909:

16256:, hundreds of interviews with democracy experts around the world14803:"A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?"14737:

14489:

13177:

11744:

10219:"1848 " Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil ""8469:

6646:. They have characterized most modern democracies as democratic2413:. He also pledged not to create new laws without their consent.1865:

Democracies may use many different decision-making methods, but

22712:

20387:

20188:

19976:

19951:

19941:

19911:

19896:

18747:

17215:

17050:

17005:

16344:

16339:

15999:

Livy; De Sélincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002).

14938:

Rocha Menocal, Alina; Fritz, Verena; Rakner, Lise (June 2008).

14872:"Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding"13090:

11443:

Suiter, Jane; Farrell, David M; O'Malley, Eoin (1 March 2016).

11028:"History tells us there are four key threats to U.S. democracy"7431:

Anderson, Christopher J.; Bol, Damien; Ananda, Aurelia (2021).

7062:

of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the poor.

6492:

5572:

5436:

5191:

4959:

4530:

4510:

4502:

4478:

4230:

4226:

3449:

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2862:

2636:

2632:

2395:

was characterized by an increase in the activity of the middle

2388:

2229:

2221:

2153:, came from a few wealthy and noble families. In addition, the2124:

2042:

1558:

1246:

585:

15070:

Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics Paper No. 110512

12729:

Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm

12593:

The Founders' Constitution: Volume 1, Chapter 18, Introduction

12451:

12449:

12447:

12445:

11986:

U.K. Preuss, "Perspectives of Democracy and the Rule of Law".

11047:

Lieberman, By Suzanne Mettler and Robert C. (10 August 2020).

9654:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–221.9426:

Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English

7352:

Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English

5247:

has postulated a system that fuses elements of democracy with

4026:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party2469:

in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The

1792:, in which citizens vote on issues directly. According to the22677:

22667:

22662:

22134:

22129:

20417:

19906:

19841:

18633:

16272:

16061:

Dēmokratia: a conversation on democracies, ancient and modern

15606:

The Democratic Value of News: Why Public Service Media Matter

14833:

The decline of democratic regime attributes – autocratization

7633:

Dahl, Robert A.; Shapiro, Ian; Cheibub, José Antônio (2003).

7259:

Dahl, Robert A.; Shapiro, Ian; Cheibub, Jose Antonio (2003).

6730:

Incentives for citizens to learn, choose, and become involved

6620:

5655:

5187:

4544:) or else became elective and remained powerful (as with the4534:

4526:

4506:

4474:

4454:

3089:

3020:

3016:

2992:

2988:

2426:

2272:, was a similar body to the Scandinavian thing. In the Roman2265:

2210:

1877:". Majority rule involves a competitive approach, opposed to1843:

1712:

15959:

The Democracy Project: a history, a crisis, a movement

15730:

14585:

13981:, American Historical Review, Feb 1984, p. 98, available at9668:. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p.31.7433:"Humanity's Attitudes about Democracy and Political Leaders"5545:, often created as a result of an incomplete change from an3849:

Democracy indices §Difficulties in measuring democracy

3489:

Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are

3316:

political ideologies were gaining ground, at the expense of

2732:

of 1787 is the oldest surviving, still active, governmental

22807:

20412:

19836:

18199:

16078:

Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert W (2007).

16022:"A Sign in the Sky: Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee"15774:

Media, Communication and the Struggle for Democratic Change

15151:

15126:

15100:

12442:

10386:"Age of Dictators: Totalitarianism in the inter-war period"9836:"Expansion of Rights and Liberties – The Right of Suffrage"5803:

Suspension of the constitution by decree, such as with the

5456:. In financial terms, democracy promotion grew from 2% of5303:

Several justifications for democracy have been postulated.

5179:

3871:, are included in some democracy indices but not in others.3553:

3012:

2401:

2277:

1859:

1536:

14863:

13543:"Civics Education Helps Create Young Voters and Activists"13131:

Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Berge, Jonas (2022).

8481:

8074:

7976:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p.168,6900:

than true stories. The proliferation of false stories and

4052:Dependent territories and places without governments4006:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power19981:

19876:

17011:

16153:

Democracy May Not Exist, but We'll Miss It When It's Gone

13758:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp.1–7.13714:

13684:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp.1–7.13050:"From Democratization to "Guided Democracy&quot"11797:

11442:

11076:

Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World

10338:"Mini-Trumps Are Running for Election All Over the World"10029:"The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World"7901:

Kelsen, Hans (October 1955). "Foundations of democracy".

7040:

in 1868 altered the way each state is represented in the

5541:

A democratic transition describes a phase in a countries

5457:

4307:

and a representative state government. For example, most

4292:, which is a state that has more than 20 million voters.3455:

Different variants of aggregative democracy exist. Under

3452:, where the policy with the most votes gets implemented.3059:

American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany

2814:, the slave population had grown to four million, and in15634:

14937:

13794:

13404:

13204:"Democracy and the Management of International Conflict"12935:"Article on Cosmopolitan democracy by Daniele Archibugi"12903:

11122:

10994:

Four Threats: The Recurring Crises of American Democracy

9788:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828"9739:"The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828"8126:

8031:

The end of kings: a history of republics and republicans

7851:. Express Publications (Madurai) Limited. Archived from5140:

Creative democracy is advocated by American philosopher

5103:, as well as the creation of new institutions such as a2531:(1651), Hobbes theorized that individuals living in the22792:

15376:

Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization

15324:

Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization

14413:"Climate, Water Navigability, and Economic Development"14064:

13830:

13087:

Putin's Rule: Its Main Features and the Current Diarchy

12994:

Cosmopolitan Democracy. An Agenda for a New World Order

12274:

11788:"Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023"11700:"Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?"11412:

Ethan J. "Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative?",

10774:, VOA News, 16 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.10751:"Biden Says Democracy Is Winning. It's Not That Simple"8762:

Heritage and Identity: Shaping the Nations of the North

8623:

8596:

8262:

Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC– 1993 AD

6721:

Platforms for an intelligible and illuminating advocacy

3535:

is based on the notion that democracy is government by

2929:

The number of nations 1800–2003 scoring 8 or higher on

2748:, about 6% of the population was eligible to vote. The2671:(restated in the Bill of Rights 1689) and the Scottish1569:

and human rights in addition to competitive elections.

15862:

13482:"Getting Out the Vote with Voting Advice Applications"13372:"How International Actors Help Enforce Domestic Deals"12426:

Brown, Charles H., The Correspondents' War. New York:

9690:

The right to vote and the rise of democracy, 1787—1828

8644:

8533:"Ancient Rome from the earliest times down to 476 A.D"8315:(Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.8062:

8034:(2nded.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.7949:

Women and human development: the capabilities approach

7777:

7038:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6612:) and external ones who reject the values promoted by5295:

that further alter the distribution of voting rights.

4962:, are not democratic at all, or are at best a sort of4822:, similar to Proudhon's position on direct democracy.4157:, without needing to register, every citizen receives3842:

3746:, and popular support of anti-democratic alternatives.2849:

and continued into the 20th century, notably with the

2296:, established in 1358 and centered around the city of15337:

Cappella, Joseph N.; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1997).

15330:

15243:

14849:. Springer International Publishing. pp.15–35.14330:"The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development"12032:. Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA, 2008. Print.8759:

Fladmark, J. M.; Heyerdahl, Thor (17 November 2015).

8124:

7609:"direct democracy | Definition, History, & Facts"7286:

Møller, Jørgen; Skaaning, Svend-Erik (January 2013).

5472:

Banner in Hong Kong asking for democracy, August 2019

4046:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime2901:. Only men above the age of 30 who were competent in2705:(all men and women above age of 25 could vote). This2591:

In North America, representative government began in

2565:

thought and profoundly influenced the leaders of the

2384:

consent of the governed to ward off foreign threats.

15733:"Political effects of the internet and social media"15612:

15368:

15366:

15252:

Democracy and the mass media: A collection of essays

14228:

14226:

13756:

The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies

13682:

The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies

13673:

13000:, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995, Daniele Archibugi,12814:

McGann, Anthony J.; Latner, Michael (16 July 2013).

10216:

8565:

7843:"All-party meet vows to uphold Parliament supremacy"6972:

5779:. Other types of a sudden end to democracy include:5735:

Some democratic governments have experienced sudden

3875:

16077:

15726:

15724:

15137:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.1–16.14429:. Vol.1. pp.385–472, Sections 5 to 10.13754:Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions".13680:Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions".13130:

12028:Beramendi, Virginia, and Jennifer Somalie. Angeyo.10093:. A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study. 2009.10027:Engerman, Stanley L.; Sokoloff, Kenneth L. (2005).9567:. London and New York: Routledge. pp.145–49.8926:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"8475:

8280:

5174:countries that do not claim to be democratic (only2826:(1869) that gave black people citizenship, and the2775:of 3 May 1791 sought to implement a more effective2765:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2701:in 1755 was an early attempt to adopt a democratic2521:was the first philosopher to articulate a detailed2328:. However, the charter made Mali more similar to a2149:, so most high officials, including members of the2112:in the sense that the people through the assembly,1962:. Because of this, democracies can be republics or1796:, democracy "provides an environment that respects15655:Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective15558:

15556:

15406:Creating fear: News and the construction of crisis15166:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.15016:

14869:

14847:Autocratization in post-Cold War Political Regimes14383:. Vol.1. pp.385–472, Sections 1 to 4.14034:Weapons systems and political stability: a history14000:Weapons systems and political stability: a history13992:

13990:

12334:Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy12137:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp.65–121,11545:"Measuring the quality of democracy: Introduction"11542:

10908:"Global overview of COVID-19: Impact on elections"10863:

9138:Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (January 2019).8924:

7951:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.7840:

7709:Kimber, Richard (September 1989). "On democracy".7632:

7258:

5838:dismissed parliament and started ruling by decree.4689:thought has several different views on democracy.3939:Parliamentary republic with an executive president2917:by recognizing women as having the right to vote.17522:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister16121:Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy16050:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (15998:

15787:Vosoughi, Soroush; Roy, Deb; Aral, Sinan (2018).15648:

15646:

15363:

15339:Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good14223:

14133:20.500.11820/a86dbef4-60eb-44fa-add3-513841cdf81b13107:The Sharia State: Arab Spring and Democratization12663:

12030:Direct Democracy: The International Idea Handbook10136:

9384:

8758:

8553:

8125:Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir (2017),7430:

6857:than the commercial media. However, the trend of3996:holds significant executive and legislative power2876:In 1876, the Ottoman Empire transitioned from an2651:was established in 1707, after the merger of the22911:

16144:, 6 Volumes New York: Bloomsbury Academic.15865:"The entertainment value of conspiracy theories"15858:

15856:

15721:

15446:

15427:

15425:

15336:

15267:

15249:

14909:"The Nature of Democratic Backsliding in Europe"14800:

14285:

14065:Glaeser, E.; Ponzetto, G.; Shleifer, A. (2007).12250:"Radical Revolution – The Thermidorean Reaction"11860:

10112:"Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War"9137:

7508:

7506:

5702:. The process typically restricts the space for5009:The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy4921:typically require consensus or supermajorities.3467:. Contemporary proponents of minimalism include3463:articulated this view most famously in his book1788:, while other uses of "democracy" may encompass16111:. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199697670.15934:

15786:

15771:

15672:. Cambridge University Press. pp.238–258.15657:. Cambridge University Press. pp.402–448.15618:

15553:

15507:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences15447:Esaiasson, Peter; Wlezien, Christopher (2017).15287:

15285:

15283:

15254:. Cambridge University Press. pp.269–289.15201:

14556:

14540:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.86-96.14327:

14194:

14030:

14003:. University Press of America. pp.38–39.13996:

13987:

12356:

12004:. In Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe (eds.).11861:Esaiasson, Peter; Wlezien, Christopher (2017).10661:. United States: Raintree Steck- Vaugh company.10539:. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from10278:. Columbia University Press. 1995. p.101.10139:"Fifteenth Amendment: Framing and ratification"10088:"Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights"8785:

8499:

8350:The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues7773:

7771:

6892:, voice their opinions, and organize protests.5932:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling5239:. Corporations may also employ systems such as4145:, an example of direct democracy in Switzerland3724:mechanisms of regime transformation processes.3129:and the former colonies). A subsequent wave of3032:Soviet of Workers' Deputies of Saint Petersburg2999:, as well as non-democratic governments in the2941:", variously resulting from wars, revolutions,2933:scale, another widely used measure of democracy2184:, is considered one of the first examples of a2097:excluded women, slaves, foreigners (μέτοικοι /1707:, to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to16114:

15643:

15639:. World Bank and University of Michigan Press.15350:

15348:

14944:South African Journal of International Affairs14457:

14291:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy14102:

13721:Munck, G.L. (2001). "Democratic Transitions".13479:

12845:Kasuya, Yuko; Reilly, Benjamin (4 July 2023).12223:

12173:"Article on direct democracy by Imraan Buccus"12116:"A Very Different Ideology in the Middle East"11611:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project11072:

11025:

10461:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction9186:"Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century"7747:

7665:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.7285:

6712:Surveillance of the sociopolitical environment4357:), or represent the entire electorate through3887:or any branch of government from altering the2794:1850s lithograph marking the establishment of2079:also strongly alludes to the word in his play1950:the people are to rule. Classically the term "1846:, parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the21704:

21690:

19797:

18562:

18026:

17447:

17373:Autonomous types of first-tier administration16301:

16264:

15853:

15780:

15652:

15422:

15397:

14844:

14801:Lührmann, Anna; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2019).14103:Deary, I.J.; Batty, G.D.; Gale, C.R. (2008).13877:, 2005. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press13802:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications13598:Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008).13348:The Oxford Handbook of Authoritarian Politics13284:

13006:, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 200812996:, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995; David Held,12505:

12230:. Cambridge University Press. pp.8–11.10020:

9946:

9400:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.9347:

7971:

7503:

7380:

7378:

6586:

5894:disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era5569:authoritarian government to a more democratic5219:decide policy and leadership by voting. Most5210:

4320:The use of a lot system, a characteristic of4086:

2752:limited U.S. citizenship to whites only. The1499:

679:

20303:

18691:

18662:

18648:

16026:American Indian Culture and Research Journal15765:

15628:

15597:

15494:

15479:

15372:

15306:

15280:

15263:

15261:

15216:

14996:. University of Toronto Press. p.285.14991:

14037:. University Press of America. p.307.13919:

13597:

12844:

12813:

11780:

11425:

10931:

10263:International Journal of Middle East Studies9142:(3rded.). Cambridge University Press.8977:

8432:The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens7768:

7660:

7512:

7157:

5722:. Democratic backsliding is the opposite of5549:regime to a democratic one (or vice versa).5265:that are co-governed by students and staff.3174:, who would later be known as the mother of20239:

18757:

16315:

16058:

16020:Mann, Barbara A.; Fields, Jerry L. (1997).15913:

15706:

15691:

15345:

15300:

15162:The Principles of Representative Government14987:

14985:

14630:International Journal of Constitutional Law14105:"Bright children become enlightened adults"12217:

12199:"A Citizen's Guide To Vermont Town Meeting"12129:Serdült, Uwe (2014), Qvortrup, Matt (ed.),11942:, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 40,11918:, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 26,10335:

10240:Movement toward greater democracy in Europe9978:

9940:

9283:

9281:

8665:European Journal of International Relations8624:Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004).8487:

7158:Schwartzberg, Melissa (2014). "Democracy".6704:The media professors Michael Gurevitch and6682:

5588:, which correlates closely with democracy.4067:

4059:

3573:

1800:and fundamental freedoms, and in which the1719:

1699:The term appeared in the 5th century BC in21697:

21683:

19804:

19790:

18569:

18555:

18033:

18019:

17568:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary17454:

17440:

16308:

16294:

16019:

15990:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (15914:Egorov, Georgy; Sonin, Konstantin (2020).15789:"The spread of true and false news online"15682:

15676:

15562:

15434:Media edge: Media logic and social reality15315:

15207:

14655:

14163:

12992:Daniele Archibugi & David Held, eds.,11999:

11383:Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson (2002).11073:Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert (2021).10836:

10487:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 201310080:

10053:

9984:

8705:

8650:

8459:, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 4,8226:

8198:(ed.). : Syracuse University Press.8160:

7748:Diamond, Larry; Morlino, Leonardo (2005).7375:

7219:

6662:; and they have contrasted democracy with6593:

6579:

5745:List of coups and coup attempts by country5287:, who themselves may choose the company's4426:

4093:

4079:

3398:A common view among early and renaissance3065:served as a model for the later theory of2920:

2622:

2453:. His ideas form the ideological basis of1741:movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.1733:such as those in Classical Athens and the1506:

1492:

686:

672:

15890:

15880:

15748:

15580:

15536:

15526:

15503:"The echo chamber effect on social media"15382:

15258:

15050:. Cambridge University Press. p.98.14887:

14818:

14348:

14250:

14131:

13886:

13814:

13623:

13387:

13326:

13261:

13160:

13150:

13017:"Creative Democracy – The Task Before Us"12923:AbdolKarim Soroush:: عبدالکريم سروش12707:The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution12555:

12046:

12044:

12042:

12040:

12038:

11604:

11046:

10948:

10681:The International Journal of Human Rights10454:

10143:Encyclopedia of the American Constitution9785:

9736:

9319:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"9106:

9088:

9065:

8662:

7661:Hénaff, Marcel; Strong, Tracy B. (2001).7464:

5956:Learn how and when to remove this message5605:Other theories stressed the relevance of5507:

5337:

5202:do not claim to be democratic as of 2022)4215:Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities2834:gained passage by the US Congress of the723:List of countries by system of government19811:

18576:

15917:The political economics of non-democracy15431:

15403:

15045:

14982:

14743:

14536:and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017)14498:

14232:

13480:Germann, Micha; Gemenis, Kostas (2019).13411:Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de (Spring 2004).13410:

13369:

12561:

12331:

11671:. Taylor & Francis. pp.95–97.11426:Warren, Mark E.; Pearse, Hilary (2008).11252:

9858:

9278:

8597:Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000).8428:

8191:

8131:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics8027:

7943:

7385:Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy".7288:"Regime Types and Democratic Sequencing"7131:

7129:

6724:Dialogue across a diverse range of views5884:and government interference can prevent5517:

5467:

5418:

5268:

5170:countries that claim to be a democracy5162:

4744:mass participation of the working masses4436:

4250:. Examples include Switzerland and some4148:

4132:

3893:

3749:

3590:

3338:

3265:

3238:

3180:

3025:

2947:

2924:

2789:

2679:heritage to vote in a general election,2626:

2425:

2338:

1979:

1629:, freedom from unwarranted governmental37:

21387:Reflections on the Revolution in France15955:

15750:10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-05023915667:

15603:

15488:The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism15485:

15378:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.177–201.15326:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.155–176.15291:

15222:

15135:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition14368:from the original on 24 September 2015.14233:Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021).13979:Weapons Systems and Political Stability13967:Weapons Systems and Political Stability13566:

13444:

13413:"Why Gun-Barrel Democracy Doesn't Work"12669:

12332:Urbinati, Nadia (1 October 2008). "2".12306:

12227:Principles of Representative Government12128:

12099:

12054:, Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008.11630:

11366:Princeton: Princeton University Press.11218:

10990:

10656:

10605:

10507:"Age of democracies at the end of 2015"10306:

10015:Evolution of American Electoral Systems9864:

9840:Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom9663:

9587:

8600:Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-58429:Manville, Philip Brook (14 July 2014).8195:The Iroquois in the American Revolution8097:

8080:

8068:

7637:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.7384:

6741:They are controlled mainly by economic5899:

5690:Democratic backsliding is a process of5492:, increasing civic education, reducing3371:contrasted rule by the many (democracy/2502:would not prevail. Economic historians2465:. The Parliament of England passed the1664:. Most democracies apply in most cases22912:

16189:

16147:

16080:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece15712:

15700:A Future for Public Service Television15697:

15563:McCoy, Jennifer; Somer, Murat (2019).15354:

15022:"King of Yugoslavia Assumes All Power"13753:

13679:

13175:

12751:

12676:. Pathfinder Press. pp.145–146.12642:

12562:Brockell, Gillian (19 December 2019).12309:The Crisis of Representative Democracy12252:. Wsu.edu. 6 June 1999. Archived from12084:

12035:

11803:

11664:

11605:Greenwood, Shannon (6 December 2022).11549:International Political Science Review11449:International Political Science Review11219:Deudney, Daniel H. (9 November 2008).11214:

11212:

11210:

11208:

11206:

10810:

10719:

10717:

10331:

10329:

10296:. Oxford University Press. p.14.10288:

10193:Transcript of Voting Rights Act (1965)9705:

9650:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sweden".9020:

8882:

8363:

8346:

8326:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece8297:La democrazias:Storia di un'ideologia,8169:. Constitution Society. Archived from8139:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.4847900:

7708:

7560:

7322:

7318:from the original on 22 February 2024.5496:for new political parties, increasing5405:

5227:are governed by democratic elections.5083:Cosmopolitan democracy, also known as4870:Consociational democracy, also called4284:Examples include the extensive use of3899:World's states coloured by systems of3491:close to the views of the median voter3414:

3270:Meeting of the Grand Committee of the2963:and the dissolution of the autocratic2421:

2304:, established in 1115, was led by the1942:, are not necessarily democracies, as21678:

19785:

18807:

18588:

18550:

18014:

17435:

16289:

16276:

16263:

15776:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.35–58.15321:

15157:

14978:from the original on 21 January 2020.14889:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-11462813873:Inglehart, Ronald. Welzel, Christian13720:

13389:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-03350413341:

13306:

13201:

13152:10.1146/annurev-polisci-060820-06091013047:

12766:

12739:Graeber, David and Grubacic, Andrej.12615:

12539:Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson,12513:"The Federalist Papers: No. 10"12393:

12268:

11966:, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 36,11668:Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences11607:"Appendix A: Classifying democracies"11489:

10358:

10059:

9900:"The Bill of Rights: A Brief History"9712:. US: Greenwood Publishing. pp.9592:. Yale University Press. p.274.9557:

9479:. Barnes & Noble. pp. 11, 18–19.9441:

9390:

9262:. The British Library. Archived from9108:10.1146/annurev-polisci-043014-1056488834:. The British Library. Archived from8792:The Cortes of Castile-Leon, 1188–13508227:Priestland, David (23 October 2021).8093:

8091:

8089:

7873:

7481:

7160:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought7126:

7055:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections5326:. Some proponents of the theory like5054:These paragraphs are an excerpt from4930:These paragraphs are an excerpt from4593:Founding Fathers of the United States3383:), and with rule by a single person (3322:appointed 27 new Supreme Court judges3243:Age of democracies at the end of 20153105:Universal Declaration of Human Rights2851:Representation of the People Act 19181834:), the dominant principle is that of18523:

15388:

15132:

15060:

14906:

14782:from the original on 6 February 202314690:

14591:

14067:"Why does democracy need education?"13977:see also Chester G Starr, Review of13604:British Journal of Political Science13540:

13103:

12622:. Taylor & Francis. p.31.12595:, "Epilogue: Securing the Republic""11804:Krauss, Alexander (2 January 2016).11637:. Taylor & Francis. p.47.11346:. New Haven: Yale University Press.11296:Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy10671:

10599:

10307:Diamond, Larry (15 September 2015).10205:The Constitution: The 24th Amendment10026:

9190:The Society of Antiquaries of London8937:from the original on 10 January 20228731:

8566:Bindloss, Joe; Sarina Singh (2007).7990:

7841:Daily Express News (2 August 2013).7215:

7213:

6826:and in some cases even reversion to5912:

5869:, which lawfully ended democracy in5815:1999 Ukrainian presidential election5257:. There is also a growing number of3759:

3601:

3580:

3465:Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy3061:(disputed), Austria, Italy, and the2771:was elected by all men in 1792. The2584:, the holder of the highest post of1889:, be substantively and procedurally21497:The End of History and the Last Man21407:Elements of the Philosophy of Right18040:

17527:Speaker / President of the assembly16248:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy16038:10.17953/aicr.21.2.k36m1485r306251014626:

14538:Populism: a Very Short Introduction13344:"International Democracy Promotion"13182:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy11203:

11197:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy10714:

10336:Kurlantzick, Joshua (11 May 2017).10326:

9842:. National Archives. Archived from9047:

8098:Deudney, Daniel (9 November 2008).7685:

5788:German occupation of Czechoslovakia5357:

4742:, internal party democracy and the4610:, that what distinguished a direct4277:to be held on any law voted by the3843:Difficulties in measuring democracy2909:In 1893, the self-governing colony2461:In 17th century England, there was2244:consisted of freemen presided by a1954:" encompassed both democracies and49:. In the 1990s, the dissolution of47:1994 South African general election13:

17615:International development minister16197:. London: Zed Books. p.371.16098:

16082:. University of California Press.15938:Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought15935:Clarke, P.; Foweraker, J. (2001).14919:from the original on 13 April 202114876:Annual Review of Political Science13376:Annual Review of Political Science13138:Annual Review of Political Science12913:, p. 475. Volume 8 Issue s4, 2002.12175:. Themercury.co.za. Archived from10309:"Timeline: Democracy in Recession"9289:"Britain's unwritten constitution"9216:"Origins and growth of Parliament"9095:Annual Review of Political Science8957:"Origins and growth of Parliament"8732:Dahl, Robert A. (1 October 2008).8603:. Popular Prakashan. p.208.8400:"Women and Family in Athenian Law"8086:

7751:Assessing the Quality of Democracy7725:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1989.tb00090.x6802:rather than serious deliberation.5823:2004 Russian presidential election5678:

5552:

4217:, communities affiliated with the2742:voting rights in the United States2026:

1988:depicting the Athenian politician1826:In some countries, notably in the1763:

14:

22946:

22888:Western European and Others Group17990:Government ministers by portfolio17746:Ministry of Education and Culture16212:

14275:https://ssrn.com/abstract=286171114239:American Political Science Review13833:American Political Science Review13314:International Area Studies Review12006:Encyclopedia of Political Thought11555:(5). Sage Publications: 571–579.11026:Farrell, Henry (14 August 2020).10961:(Report). V-Dem Institute at the10100:from the original on 2 July 2015.9824:from the original on 2 June 2023.9786:Ratcliffe, Donald (Summer 2013).9775:from the original on 2 June 2023.9737:Ratcliffe, Donald (Summer 2013).9628:. British Library. Archived from9503:, DK Publishing, Inc., New York,9291:. British Library. Archived from8476:Raaflaub, Ober & Wallace 20078281:Raaflaub, Ober & Wallace 20078264:, Oxford University Press, 1994,7563:"2,234 Descriptions of Democracy"7561:Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018).7222:"Who Decides What Is Democratic?"7210:

5819:2003 Russian legislative election5685:Democratic backsliding by country5531:number of countries autocratizing5390:which is necessary for sustained5231:are ultimately governed by their4859:

4327:

3876:Types of governmental democracies2865:in March 1848 in the wake of the2649:first Parliament of Great Britain21467:The Open Society and Its Enemies19765:

19764:

18522:

18511:

18510:

17995:

17994:

17984:

17983:

16059:Ober, J.; Hedrick, C.W. (1996).15907:

15661:

15440:

15184:

15054:

15039:

15010:

14900:

14838:

14794:

14684:

14649:

14620:

14594:Hague Journal on the Rule of Law14550:

14527:

14451:

14418:

14405:

14372:

14321:

14307:

14279:

14267:

14188:

14156:

14124:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02036.x14096:

14058:

14024:

13971:

13948:

13913:

13880:

13867:

13823:

13788:

13725:. Elsevier. pp.3425–3428.13640:

13591:

13560:

13534:

13512:

13473:

13363:

13335:

13300:

13278:

13226:

13195:

13169:

13124:

13096:

13080:

13041:

13009:

12986:

12959:

12927:

12916:

12869:

12838:

12807:

12767:Arend, Lijphart (January 1969).12760:

12745:

12733:

12721:

12712:

12690:

12636:

12609:

12583:

12546:

12533:

12483:

12458:

12433:

12420:

12411:

12402:

12387:

12373:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2004.00109.x12350:

12325:

12311:. Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York.12300:

12242:

12191:

12165:

12122:

12108:

12093:

12078:

12065:

12050:Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix,12022:

11993:

11980:

11956:

11932:

11909:

11885:

11854:

11845:

11836:

11769:

11510:

11483:

11436:

11419:

11406:

11397:

11377:

11356:

11333:

11309:

11285:

11279:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00827.x11246:

11185:

11163:

11116:

11066:

11040:

11019:

10997:. New York: St. Martin's Press.10984:

10932:Repucci, Sarah; Slipowitz, Amy.10925:

10900:

10857:

10830:

10777:

10765:

10743:

10665:

10650:

10625:

10606:Bingham, Adrian (25 June 2019).10577:

10555:

10529:

10499:

10477:

10459:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).10448:

10426:

10404:

10378:

10352:

10300:

10282:

10268:

10252:

10249:". Indiana University Northwest.10232:

10210:

10198:

10186:

10161:

10130:

10104:

10034:. pp.14–16. Archived from10007:

9914:

9892:

9828:

9779:

9730:

9089:Stasavage, David (11 May 2016).7822:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary7107:

7065:

7030:

6975:

6562:

5917:

5905:This section is an excerpt from5439:'s Ecole de maintien de la paix.5411:This section is an excerpt from5298:

5014:

4909:to obtain a larger support than4798:majority-rule is tyrannic or not4368:

4254:, where frequent use is made of2983:and dictatorships flourished in2697:The creation of the short-lived2164:

2104:Athenian democracy was not only1475:

655:

20274:Family as a model for the state17318:Social and political philosophy16142:A Cultural History of Democracy15212:. University of Illinois Press.13954:Foreword, written by historian13764:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-113690:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-113285:Peter Dizikes (24 April 2019).12649:. Verso Books. pp.84–86.12336:. University of Chicago Press.12286:: Parragon Books. p.341.11895:, SAGE, 2004, pp.143–45,11810:Journal of Economic Methodology11320:An Economic Theory of Democracy10563:"List of Electoral Democracies"9924:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from9699:

9682:

9657:

9644:

9618:

9596:

9581:

9551:

9539:Plymouth Colony Legal Structure9530:

9514:

9490:

9466:

9444:The Huntington Library Bulletin9435:

9418:

9394:(1988) . Laslett, Peter (ed.).9350:The Journal of Economic History9341:

9311:

9252:

9230:

9208:

9156:

9131:

9082:

9054:The Journal of Economic History9041:

9023:International Studies Quarterly9014:

8971:

8949:

8903:

8889:. Bloomsbury. pp.173–74.8876:

8854:

8824:

8786:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1989).8779:

8752:

8725:

8699:

8656:

8617:

8590:

8559:

8547:

8525:

8505:

8449:

8422:

8392:

8357:

8340:

8331:

8318:

8305:

8286:

8254:

8220:

8185:

8154:

8118:

8048:

8021:

8008:

7974:Electoral systems and democracy7965:

7937:

7894:

7867:

7834:

7798:

7741:

7702:

7679:

7654:

7626:

7601:

7554:

7535:

7513:Staff writer (22 August 2007).7493:

7424:

7413:. New York: Routledge. p. 511.7403:

7168:10.1002/9781118474396.wbept02486546:Latin America and the Caribbean5890:Wilmington insurrection of 18985809:An "electoral self-coup" using5243:to handle internal governance.5072:

4699:dictatorship of the proletariat4391:

4342:then it is called a democratic4066:systems of government, not the3755:V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index3525:

3499:An Economic Theory of Democracy3363:

3324:over legal objections from the2871:revolutions broke out in Europe2822:(1865) that ended slavery; the2767:and, although short-lived, the2463:renewed interest in Magna Carta1984:Nineteenth-century painting by1903:freedom of political expression1802:freely expressed will of people1725:), meaning "rule of an elite".639:Latin America and the Caribbean21624:Separation of church and state21522:Collectivism and individualism21477:The Origins of Totalitarianism17663:Ministry of trade and industry17154:Political history of the world16277:

16063:. Princeton University Press.15927:

14293:. Cambridge University Press.13922:Journal of Conflict Resolution13891:. Cambridge University Press.13731:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01135-913208:Journal of Conflict Resolution12998:Democracy and the Global Order12698:General Idea of the Revolution12552:Novanglus, no. 7. 6 March 177512360:Scandinavian Political Studies11964:Problems in American Democracy11225:. Princeton University Press.11079:. Cambridge University Press.10361:"The Signs of Deconsolidation"10359:Mounk, Yascha (January 2017).10066:. Routledge. p.viii–ix.8832:"Magna Carta: an introduction"8435:. Princeton University Press.8104:. Princeton University Press.8028:Everdell, William R. (2000) .7880:. Princeton University Press.7712:Scandinavian Political Studies7515:"Liberty and justice for some"7411:Encyclopedia of ancient Greece7361:

7344:

7279:

7252:

7184:

7151:

5217:non-governmental organisations4740:worker's control of production4736:autonomous union organizations4236:

4106:

3438:

3261:International Day of Democracy3150:, and the democratisation and3042:were as an early example of a2773:Polish-Lithuanian Constitution2557:. For Locke, citizens had the2368:Simon de Montfort's Parliament2215:

2155:overthrow of the Roman Kingdom2089:, meaning political equality.1966:, such as the United Kingdom.1588:, the people choose governing1184:Intergovernmental organisation1139:Separation of church and state1:

21664:Category:Political philosophy21537:Critique of political economy18310:Needle and syringe programmes18164:Universal access to education17817:Ministry of religious affairs16040:(inactive 15 September 2024).15869:British Journal of Psychology15717:. Springer. pp.114–136.15687:. Springer. pp.114–136.15453:Comparative Political Studies15393:. Princeton University Press.15359:. Springer. pp.137–155.15208:MacChesney, Robert W (1999).14870:Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018).14820:10.1080/13510347.2019.158202914765:10.1080/13510347.2020.179919414744:Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020).14670:10.1080/13510347.2020.182643814571:10.1080/13510347.2021.189710914513:10.1080/13510347.2020.179664914435:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-314389:10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-314289:; Robinson, James A. (2006).13887:Inglehart, Ronald F. (2018).13541:Wong, Alia (5 October 2018).13498:10.1080/10584609.2018.152623713235:"Democracy Does Cause Growth"12863:10.1080/09512748.2022.203542612820:Comparative Political Studies12643:Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020).12616:Wiles, Peter (14 June 2023).12073:Developing Zapatista Autonomy11867:Comparative Political Studies11822:10.1080/1350178X.2015.106937211432:. Cambridge University Press.10878:10.1080/13510347.2019.169631010789:The Christian Science Monitor10114:. Itd.nps.gov. Archived from9795:Journal of the Early Republic9746:Journal of the Early Republic9694:Journal of the Early Republic8554:Livy & De Sélincourt 20028515:, Leiden Netherlands (1979).7120:

6358:Democracy and economic growth5873:and marked the transition to5859:independence of the judiciary5730:

5523:

5364:Democracy and economic growth5350:. Democracy tends to improve5306:

4901:Consensus democracy requires4880:European Council of Ministers4315:

4016:: Monarch has unlimited power3979:Assembly-independent republic3740:electoral system manipulation3597:The Economist Democracy Index3305:The Christian Science Monitor3278:Many countries reduced their3194:Indonesian Revolution of 19983077:fell into the non-democratic2746:Presidential election in 17892441:and developed the concept of2416:

2308:whose members were chosen by1758:The Economist Democracy Index1584:and decide legislation. In a1576:, the people have the direct451:Democracy and economic growth21562:Institutional discrimination21557:History of political thought20289:Negative and positive rights18808:

18694:Liberté, égalité, fraternité17159:History of political thought16176:Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.15702:. MIT Press. pp.29–39.14178:10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.00313573:The American Economic Review13569:"Entry Barriers in Politics"13242:Journal of Political Economy12131:"Referendums in Switzerland"12052:Swiss political institutions11893:Handbook of Political Theory11387:Princeton University Press.10693:10.1080/13642987.2014.94480710265:, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp 265–2869865:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002).9536:Christopher Fennell (1998),9520:Clifton E. Olmstead (1960),8735:On Democracy: Second Edition8353:. Uchitel' Publishing House.8127:"Small State Foreign Policy"7023:

6551:Middle East and North Africa6418:Peaceful transition of power5712:peaceful transition of power5533:(blue) is higher than those5124:International Criminal Court5048:

4970:

4890:

4848:and is still used in modern4825:

4788:

4667:

4622:Professors Richard Ellis of4004:Semi-constitutional monarchy3298:) to the Philippines (under3146:, the associated end of the3144:collapse of the Soviet Union2869:. During that year, several2665:UK's uncodified constitution2641:Austrian Parliament Building2196:Other cultures, such as the1537:

981:(socio-political ideologies)644:Middle East and North Africa511:Peaceful transition of power7:

21572:Justification for the state21357:Two Treatises of Government18663:

18393:Publicly funded health care17832:Ministry of social security17713:Ministry of water resources17593:Ministry of foreign affairs17462:Common types of government15624:. Springer. pp.65–75.15432:Altheide, David L. (2014).15404:Altheide, David L. (2002).15311:. Springer. pp.31–41.15296:. Springer. pp.31–41.14427:Handbook of Economic Growth14381:Handbook of Economic Growth13459:10.1177/002234339603300400213350:, Oxford University Press,13220:10.1177/002200279303700100212201:. July 2008. Archived from11385:Why Deliberative Democracy?11364:Is Democracy Possible Here?11173:. Internet Classics Archive10672:Wall, John (October 2014).9871:. Oryx Press. p.284.9522:History of Religion in the9397:Two Treatises of Government9140:A Concise History of Poland8500:Clarke & Foweraker 20018133:, Oxford University Press,8056:"Pericles' Funeral Oration"7806:"Parliamentary sovereignty"6922:

6765:attitude to politics, less6448:Proportional representation5994:

5773:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état5129:

5097:international organisations4551:

4486:of 1688 and passage of the4449:Many countries such as the4421:

4178:Change constitutional laws,3954:Presidential republic3931:with a ceremonial president3482:According to the theory of2663:. Two key documents of the2595:, with the election of the2546:Two Treatises of Government2312:. In the 10th–15th century2191:

2188:around the 6th century BC.1049:(socio-economic ideologies)719:List of forms of government541:Proportional representation87:

10:

22951:

20242:Bellum omnium contra omnes18589:

17865:Minister without portfolio17827:Ministry of social affairs17658:Ministry of infrastructure16254:Podcast: Democracy Paradox16174:Why Bother With Elections?15737:Annual Review of Economics15341:. Oxford University Press.14606:10.1007/s40803-019-00086-214209:10.5129/00104151279883800314071:Journal of Economic Growth13816:10.1057/s41599-020-00596-713370:Matanock, Aila M. (2020).13202:Dixon, William J. (1993).13110:. Routledge. p.161.12769:"Consociational Democracy"11988:Journal of Law and Society10965:. May 2019. Archived from10934:"Democracy under Lockdown"10725:"Freedom in the Word 2017"10217:French National Assembly.10137:Gillette, William (1986).10060:Scher, Richard K. (2015).9922:"The French Revolution II"8980:International Organization8569:India: Lonely planet Guide8513:Literacy in Ancient Sparta8347:Grinin, Leonid E. (2004).8192:Graymont, Barbara (1972).7663:Public space and democracy6936:Democracy in Chola Dynasty6888:, enabling them to bypass6686:

5904:

5865:. A famous example is the5834:, begun in 1929 when King5682:

5556:

5511:

5482:voting advice applications5410:

5361:

5272:

5211:Non-governmental democracy5156:

5133:

5076:

5053:

5018:

4974:

4929:

4894:

4863:

4829:

4753:

4749:

4671:

4646:

4642:

4555:

4445:, a constitutional monarch4430:

4395:

4372:

4331:

4271:federal popular initiative4126:

3969:Semi-presidential republic3879:

3846:

3584:

3559:

3259:declared 15 September the3096:often adopted the British2808:1840 presidential election2804:1828 presidential election2802:In the United States, the2750:Naturalization Act of 17902730:United States Constitution2683:, voted in 1774 and 1780.2669:Declaration of Right, 16892370:in 1265. The emergence of2208:

2030:

2021:

1973:

1969:

1713:

1526:

45:casting his ballot in the27:Democracy (disambiguation)20:

22658:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance22638:

22556:

22393:

22228:

22099:Standard Average European21967:

21796:

21716:

21659:

21509:

21278:

20926:

20659:

20539:

20458:

20370:

20361:

20227:

20061:

19990:

19819:

19751:

19705:

19607:

19564:

19543:

19490:

19459:

19443:

19390:

19324:

19276:

19240:

19207:

19126:

19085:

18929:

18818:

18814:

18803:

18708:Methodological skepticism18599:

18595:

18584:

18506:

18450:

18418:National health insurance18383:

18370:Supervised injection site18280:

18230:

18177:

18071:

18048:

17979:

17916:Communications ministries17873:

17857:

17721:

17676:

17628:

17576:

17540:

17474:

17402:

17395:

17254:

17196:

17144:

17137:

17105:

17098:

17038:

17031:

16966:

16957:

16840:

16833:

16747:

16616:

16403:

16365:National unity government16327:

16283:

16270:

16265:Links to related articles16233:Resources in your library15604:Cushion, Stephen (2012).15389:Baum, Matthew A. (2003).14956:10.1080/1022046080221793414252:10.1017/S000305542000064714083:10.1007/s10887-007-9015-113616:10.1017/S000712340800016113447:Journal of Peace Research13328:10.1177/2233865923119494512895:Cite uses generic title (12597:. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu11990:, 18:3 (1991). pp. 353–6411752:"Breaking Down Democracy"11344:Democracy and its Critics11322:. HarperCollins College.11141:10.1017/S153759272000209110991:Mettler, Suzanne (2020).10824:14 September 2021 at the10753:. Bloomberg. 16 July 202310463:. Brill. pp.92–94.9664:Gregory, Desmond (1985).9362:10.1017/S00220507000094519067:10.1017/S00220507170007298992:10.1017/S00208183190002868788:"The Cortes and Taxation"8738:. Yale University Press.8712:Haudenosaunee Confederacy8677:10.1177/135406612110247138630:. Routledge. p.57.8161:de Montesquieu, Charles.7890:– via Google Books.7764:– via Google Books.7369:Oxford English Dictionary7330:"Definition of DEMOCRACY"7265:. MIT Press. p.31.7220:Przeworski, Adam (2024).7139:. Oxford University Press7050:Voting Rights Act of 19656629:Constitutional Convention5836:Alexander I of Yugoslavia5805:1992 Peruvian coup d'état5769:First Portuguese Republic5152:

4924:

4903:consensus decision-making4876:Qualified majority voting4248:participatory democracies4229:, and Kurdish cantons of4122:

3921:with a ceremonial monarch3375:), with rule by the few (3358:

2956:in the early 20th century2867:French Revolution of 18482836:Voting Rights Act of 19652812:1860 United States census2601:Virginia General Assembly2447:right to private property2204:

1964:constitutional monarchies1881:, creating the need that1873:can be oppressed by the "1836:parliamentary sovereignty1170:(geo-cultural ideologies)31:Democrat (disambiguation)22798:Lancaster House Treaties22288:Christian existentialism22248:Ancient Roman philosophy22238:Ancient Greek philosophy21447:The Revolt of the Masses18413:Single-payer health care18222:Universal basic services18169:Universal basic services17911:Climate change ministers17812:Ministry of home affairs16795:Environmental regulation16601:Representative democracy16140:(general editor). 2021.15941:. Taylor & Francis.15582:10.1177/000271621881878215465:10.1177/001041401663322615133:Dahl, Robert A. (1972).14458:Robert Michels (1999) .14337:American Economic Review14328:Alsan, Marcella (2015).14315:"Rainfall and Democracy"14031:Carroll Quigley (1983).13997:Carroll Quigley (1983).13961:1 September 2013 at the13934:10.1177/002200271770859913567:Tullock, Gordon (1965).13178:"Social Contract Theory"13176:Friend, Celeste (n.d.).13133:"Does Democracy Matter?"12832:10.1177/001041401246388312696:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.12493:. M-W.com. 25 April 200712008:. Taylor & Francis.11940:The Judge in a Democracy11916:The Judge in a Democracy11891:G.F. Gaus, C. Kukathas,11879:10.1177/001041401663322611561:10.1177/019251211666914111461:10.1177/019251211454406811362:Dworkin, Ronald (2006).11253:Springer, Simon (2011).11129:Perspectives on Politics10963:University of Gothenburg10567:World Forum on Democracy9499:and David Rubel (2002),7877:The Judge in a Democracy7635:The democracy sourcebook7437:Public Opinion Quarterly7262:The Democracy Sourcebook7238:10.1353/jod.2024.a9304237096:Chile in the early 1990s7042:House of Representatives7011:Territorial peace theory7001:Parliament in the Making6956:Foucault–Habermas debate6683:Importance of mass media6614:constitutional democracy6503:Wars between democracies6483:Territorial peace theory6328:Democratic confederalism5777:1953 Iranian coup d'état5751:.) Examples include the5343:Condorcet's jury theorem5316:legitimacy of government4866:Consociational democracy4813:individualist anarchists4719:representative democracy4416:semi-presidential system4334:Representative democracy4189:and suggestions for laws4117:representative democracy3574:Measurement of democracy3253:World Forum on Democracy3084:The war was followed by3075:Soviet sector of Germany2897:and a popularly elected2855:Equal Franchise Act 19282713:principles and included2635:, the patron goddess of2127:as early as 700 BC. The1782:representative democracy1586:representative democracy596:Wars between democracies576:Territorial peace theory421:Democratic confederalism22576:Equality before the law21783:Romano-Germanic culture21427:The Communist Manifesto20353:Tyranny of the majority20264:Consent of the governed18114:Public good (economics)18000:Ministries by portfolio17971:Public works ministries17703:Ministry of electricity17643:Ministry of the economy17517:Office of the president16860:Uncodified constitution16385:Administrative division16123:. Bloomsbury Academic.15956:Graeber, David (2013).15816:10.1126/science.aap955915528:10.1073/pnas.202330111815490:. Sage. pp.51–67.15237:10.1111/1467-923X.0049415225:The Political Quarterly15158:Manin, Bernard (1997).15046:Pinfield, Nick (2015).14715:10.1126/science.abb243413486:Political Communication13342:Donno, Daniela (2024),12911:Nations and Nationalism12752:Dowlen, Oliver (2008).12700:See also commentary by12541:Debating the presidency12428:Charles Scribner's Sons12224:Manin, Bernard (1997).12143:10.1057/9781137314703_410851:10.1111/1758-5899.1222510436:. BBC News. 7 June 20109706:Dinkin, Robert (1982).9652:Encyclopædia Britannica9606:. The National Archives9240:. The National Archives9218:. The National Archives8959:. The National Archives8883:Jobson, Adrian (2012).8864:. The National Archives8488:Ober & Hedrick 19967735:17 October 2016 at the7613:Encyclopædia Britannica7387:Encyclopædia Britannica7196:Encyclopædia Britannica7060:Equal Protection Clause7046:three-fifths compromise6941:Democratic peace theory6788:The responsiveness and6654:; they have identified6488:Tyranny of the majority6423:Political demonstration6333:Democratic peace theory6308:Deliberative referendum5886:free and fair elections5880:Temporary or long-term5851:free and fair elections5765:28 May 1926 coup d'état5716:free and fair elections5708:political participation5486:participatory democracy5348:the wisdom of the crowd5320:consent of the governed5039:tyranny of the majority4637:Elizabeth Willing Powel4433:Constitutional monarchy4427:Constitutional monarchy4244:semi-direct democracies3919:Constitutional monarchy2954:first wave of democracy2921:20th and 21st centuries2859:Universal male suffrage2796:universal male suffrage2777:constitutional monarchy2709:was the first based on2690:in Sweden (1718–1772),2623:18th and 19th centuries2555:consent of the governed2477:of 1647. Subsequently,2451:consent of the governed2330:constitutional monarchy1940:consent of the governed1875:tyranny of the majority1754:V-Dem Democracy indices1676:(e.g. constitution) or1652:make decisions through1623:consent of the governed1549:'rule') is a system of1433:Administrative division1377:International relations581:Tyranny of the majority516:Political demonstration426:Democratic peace theory401:Deliberative referendum22738:Eastern European Group22327:Continental philosophy22258:Judeo-Christian ethics22243:Hellenistic philosophy21724:Cradle of civilization20304:

20254:Clash of civilizations20240:

18758:

18692:

18658:Enlightened absolutism18649:

17936:Environment ministries17906:Agriculture ministries17901:Presidents of assembly17896:Deputy prime ministers16155:. Metropolitan Books.15270:Communication Yearbook14466:Transaction Publishers13965:in 1982, to Quigley's13048:Brown, Archie (2001).12670:Trotsky, Leon (1977).12646:Trotsky as Alternative12307:Köchler, Hans (1987).12100:Zibechi, Raul (2013).12085:Denham, Diana (2008).11631:Dobratz, B.A. (2015).11490:Smith, Graham (2009).11049:"The Fragile Republic"10657:Sanders, Mark (2000).9588:Chavetz, Josh (2007).9473:Tocqueville, Alexis de9402:Sec. 87, 123, 209, 2228913:. BBC. 19 January 20158651:Mann & Fields 19977874:Barak, Aharon (2006).7848:The New Indian Express7579:10.3167/dt.2018.0501076808:Political polarization6606:Criticism of democracy6313:Democratic backsliding6303:Criticism of democracy5907:Criticism of democracy5843:Democratic backsliding5832:6 January Dictatorship5668:

5593:democracy causes peace5586:self-expression values5538:

5508:Democratic transitions5473:

5440:

5386:at the expense of the5338:Better decision-making5312:Social contract theory5259:Democratic educational5203:

5122:. The creation of the5079:Cosmopolitan democracy5021:Participatory politics5004:Democracy & Nature4955:minority ethnic groups4915:majoritarian democracy4802:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon4626:and Michael Nelson of4603:argued, especially in4467:Scandinavian countries4446:

4340:democratically elected4170:

4146:

4100:

4068:

4060:

4058:this chart represents4044:Provisional government3929:Parliamentary republic3839:

3693:

3541:Authentic deliberation3532:Deliberative democracy3426:deliberative democracy3349:Democratic backsliding3344:

3275:

3244:

3189:

3122:

3047:

2957:

2934:

2799:

2644:

2553:only if they held the2537:war of all against all2523:social contract theory2517:on the British Isles.2458:

2439:social contract theory2347:

2280:has been elected by a2220:While most regions in2172:, capital city of the2053:'(common) people' and2049:. The word comes from2000:

1992:delivering his famous1830:(which originated the1720:

1662:presidential democracy406:Democratic backsliding396:Criticism of democracy58:

25:. For other uses, see22858:Three Seas Initiative22833:Pacific Islands Forum22698:British–Irish Council22446:Greek Orthodox Church21905:Industrial Revolution21875:Scientific Revolution20269:Divine right of kings18624:Counter-Enlightenment18262:Public infrastructure18099:Public administration18084:Free-culture movement17931:Environment ministers17837:Minister for Veterans17708:Ministry of Petroleum17668:Ministry of transport17507:Deputy First Minister17497:Deputy prime minister17351:aspects of capitalism17267:History of philosophy16765:Unemployment benefits16501:Military dictatorship15408:. Aldine de Gruyter.14992:Alan Siaroff (2009).14907:Lindberg, Staffan I.14112:Psychological Science13897:10.1017/978110861388013104:Tibi, Bassam (2013).13066:10.1353/jod.2001.006312865:– via CrossRef.12834:– via CrossRef.11832:– via CrossRef.11085:10.1017/978110895780910245:4 August 2010 at the10195:US National Archives.9953:The Third of May 17919807:10.1353/jer.2013.00339758:10.1353/jer.2013.00339696:33.2 (2013): 219–254.9545:29 April 2012 at the9048:Cox, Gary W. (2017).8862:"Citizen or Subject?"8800:10.9783/97815128195718366:The Classical Journal7409:Wilson, N.G. (2006).7304:10.1353/jod.2013.00106864:The emergence of the6847:horse race journalism6689:Mediatization (media)6642:or a more democratic6368:Electoral competition6348:Democratic transition6323:Democratic centralism6318:Democratic capitalism5892:and African-American5855:freedom of expression5761:French First Republic5720:freedom of expression5683:Further information:5673:democratic revolution5663:

5521:

5514:Democratic transition5471:

5462:military intervention5422:

5328:Jean-Jacques Rousseau5275:Shareholder democracy5269:Shareholder democracy5261:institutions such as5237:shareholder democracy5166:

5043:participatory economy4624:Willamette University4440:

4207:Appenzell Innerrhoden4152:

4136:

4074:degree of democracy.3908:Parliamentary systems3897:

3865:judicial independence3753:

3660:Authoritarian regimes3594:

3445:aggregative democracy3421:aggregative democracy3342:

3296:Law and Justice Party3272:Parliament of Finland3269:

3242:

3184:

3109:

3079:Soviet-dominated bloc3029:

2951:

2928:

2832:civil rights movement2793:

2734:codified constitution2707:Corsican Constitution2630:

2449:and the principle of2429:

2352:Parliament of England2342:

2057:'force/might'. Under2004:Democratic assemblies1983:

1901:. In some countries,1848:Constitution of India1840:judicial independence1443:Democratic transition1306:Self-governing colony903:Military dictatorship461:Electoral competition441:Democratic transition416:Democratic centralism411:Democratic capitalism41:

22853:Special Relationship22263:Christian philosophy22208:Western Christianity21870:Age of Enlightenment21744:Hellenistic Kingdoms21417:Democracy in America20796:political philosophy20779:political philosophy20594:political philosophy20423:political philosophy20333:Separation of powers20294:Night-watchman state20279:Monopoly on violence19813:Political philosophy18578:Age of Enlightenment17926:Education ministries17763:Information minister17698:Environment minister17598:Immigration minister17285:Political ideologies16561:Parliamentary system16005:. Penguin Classics.15078:10.2139/ssrn.142684114643:10.1093/icon/moab05814359:10.1257/aer.2013060414197:Comparative Politics13307:Pelke, Lars (2023).13287:"Democracy dividend"13054:Journal of Democracy12394:Aristotle. "Ch. 9".11298:. Harper Perennial.10791:. 13 November 2018.10612:History & Policy10365:Journal of Democracy10258:Hasan Kayalı (1995)9688:Donald Ratcliffe, "9632:on 30 September 20209477:Democracy in America9238:"Rise of Parliament"9196:on 25 September 20188511:Terrence A. Boring,8302:(2004) 2018 pp.12–138058:. the-athenaeum.org.7292:Journal of Democracy7226:Journal of Democracy6991:Industrial democracy6886:emerging democracies6843:developing countries6343:Democratic socialism5900:Debates on democracy5867:Enabling Act of 19335630:modernisation theory5613:—and within them of5448:system of government5388:creative destruction4943:political scientists4854:citizens' assemblies4846:Renaissance Florence4756:Democracy in Marxism4695:democratic socialism4682:Democratic socialism4658:political philosophy4409:separation of powers4375:Parliamentary system3889:separation of powers3334:government crackdown3198:Bulldozer Revolution3107:mandated democracy:2845:that began with the2761:Revolutionary France2515:political philosophy2407:Casimir IV Jagiellon2302:Republic of Florence1976:History of democracy1911:freedom of the press1871:political minorities1838:, while maintaining1778:equal before the law1748:of a state, such as1668:, but in some cases436:Democratic socialism22878:West Nordic Council22743:Eastern Partnership22332:Analytic philosophy22033:Classical tradition21855:Early modern period21811:Classical antiquity21806:European Bronze Age21607:Right-wing politics21487:A Theory of Justice21457:The Road to Serfdom21377:The Social Contract20084:Christian democracy19584:Feijóo y Montenegro19535:Vorontsova-Dashkova18498:Public viewing area18267:Public water system18255:Municipal broadband18212:Public broadcasting17822:Ministry of science17780:Ministry of justice17773:Ministry of housing17734:Ministry of culture17648:Ministry of finance17588:Ministry of defence17407:Forms of government17340:Conservatism navbox16945:Legislative council16770:National healthcare16644:Christian democracy16566:Presidential system16421:Countries by system15808:2018Sci...359.1146V15802:(6380): 1146–1151.15519:2021PNAS..11823301C14707:2020Sci...369.1192H14701:(6508): 1192–1196.13029:on 12 February 201512756:. Imprint Academic.12569:The Washington Post12398:. Vol.Book 4.12000:Budge, Ian (2001).11665:Michie, J. (2014).11271:2011Antip..43..525S11033:The Washington Post10573:on 16 October 2013.10537:"Tables and Charts"10517:on 15 February 202010392:on 7 September 200610041:on 11 November 20209991:The Preamble of Law9985:Jan Ligeza (2017).9966:on 5 September 20199266:on 22 December 20169168:The British Library8933:. 20 January 2015.8502:, pp.194–201.8173:on 22 December 20198083:, pp.168–169.7719:(3): 201, 199–219.7449:10.1093/poq/nfab0567016:Spatial citizenship7006:Power to the people6946:Empowered democracy6931:Defensive democracy6902:conspiracy theories6781:and the erosion of6569:Politics portal6363:Democracy promotion6338:Democratic republic5757:Coup of 18 Brumaire5444:Democracy promotion5413:Democracy promotion5406:Democracy promotion5352:conflict resolution5281:one share, one vote5241:workplace democracy5062:Religious democracy5056:Religious democracy4977:Inclusive democracy4897:Consensus democracy4820:consensus democracy4715:workplace democracy4674:Socialist democracy4494:by writers such as4488:Bill of Rights 16894484:Glorious Revolution4398:Presidential system4288:in the US state of4267:Swiss confederation3945:Presidential system3550:Citizens assemblies3415:Contemporary theory3330:failed coup attempt3326:European Commission3069:. However, most of3038:in the center. The2899:Chamber of Deputies2861:was established in2769:National Convention2673:Claim of Right 16892657:Kingdom of Scotland2599:(forerunner of the2593:Jamestown, Virginia2567:American Revolution2491:Glorious Revolution2483:English Restoration2455:liberal democracies2422:Early modern period2334:democratic republic2047:classical antiquity1879:consensus democracy1611:freedom of religion1599:freedom of assembly1482:Politics portal1367:Supranational union1276:Dependent territory1189:National government662:Politics portal456:Democracy promotion431:Democratic republic53:in favour of22935:Types of democracy22337:Post-structuralism22300:Christian humanism21930:Universal suffrage21619:Political violence21614:Political theology21597:Left-wing politics21592:Political spectrum18723:Natural philosophy18463:Government auction18149:Public procurement17966:Interior ministers17847:Minister for women17802:Ministry of sports17790:Ministry of labour17785:Minister of labour17756:Ministry of health17741:Education minister17691:Ministry of energy17548:Secretary of state17412:Types of democracy17307:Political spectrum16920:Legislative bodies16875:Head of government16800:Banking regulation16360:Federal government16350:Central government15882:10.1111/bjop.1252215513:(9): e2023301118.15170:, 67–93, 132–160.15114:. 11 November 194715026:The New York Times15020:(7 January 1929).15018:Edwin Leland James13983:carrollquigley.net12851:The Pacific Review12727:Bookchin, Murray.12521:. 29 December 199812256:on 3 February 199912179:on 17 January 201012002:"Direct democracy"11732:. 30 November 202211414:Buffalo Law Review10659:Your Right To Vote10455:Julian Go (2007).10313:The New York Times9604:"Getting the vote"9325:on 24 October 20149295:on 8 December 20159174:on 18 October 20179035:10.1111/isqu.121538627:A history of India8324:Kurt A. Raaflaub,8167:The Spirit of Laws8018:, Bk. II, ch. 2–3.6851:journalistic norms6668:anarcho-capitalism6508:Waves of democracy6468:Right to candidacy6438:Popular referendum6428:Political equality6298:Citizens' assembly5936:You can assist by5882:political violence5790:, and the fall of5786:, for example the5749:List of civil wars5539:

5474:

5441:

5285:board of directors5204:

5136:Creative democracy5007:and its successor4987:economic democracy4941:, as used by some4913:. In contrast, in4842:Athenian Democracy4582:head of government4447:

4322:Athenian democracy4171:

4147:

4101:

3882:Types of democracy3867:or quality of the3840:

3694:

3623:Flawed democracies3345:

3276:

3245:

3230:Jasmine Revolution3190:

3127:"Communist" states3098:Westminster system3048:

2975:advanced, but the2958:

2939:waves of democracy2935:

2915:universal suffrage2889:Parliament with a2800:

2653:Kingdom of England2645:

2639:, in front of the2597:House of Burgesses2481:(1653–59) and the2459:

2348:

2294:Republic of Ragusa2240:, bodies known as2063:Athenian democracy2033:Athenian democracy2001:

1832:Westminster system1809:political equality1746:general population1674:supermajority rule1563:general population601:Waves of democracy561:Right to candidacy531:Popular referendum521:Political equality391:Citizens' assembly59:

55:universal suffrage18:Form of government22907:

22906:

22901:

22900:

22728:Council of Europe22630:International law22583:Constitutionalism22441:Eastern Orthodoxy21947:Post–Cold War era21880:Age of Revolution21734:Greco-Roman world21672:

21671:

21582:Philosophy of law21527:Conflict theories21367:The Spirit of Law21274:

21273:

20323:Original position19779:

19778:

19747:

19746:

19743:

19742:

18799:

18798:

18795:

18794:

18772:Scientific method18629:Critical thinking18544:

18543:

18538:

18537:

18365:Public university18345:Public open space18290:Drinking fountain18250:Telecommunication18008:

18007:

17956:Health ministries17951:Forest ministries17946:Foreign ministers17941:Finance ministers17921:Defence ministers17842:Ministry of women17797:Regional minister17679:natural resources17653:Industry minister17638:Commerce minister17608:Interior ministry17603:Interior minister17579:foreign affairs /17553:Minister of state17429:

17428:

17425:

17424:

17417:Political parties17296:Political culture17221:International law17192:

17191:

17184:U.S. Constitution17133:

17132:

17115:Political science17094:

17093:

17066:Political parties17027:

17026:

16953:

16952:

16669:Constitutionalism16380:County government16219:Library resources16204:978-1-78360-542-216180:Munck, Gerardo L.16115:Provost, Claire;16109:Democracy: A Life16089:978-0-520-24562-416070:978-0-691-01108-016012:978-0-14-044809-215969:978-0-8129-9356-115948:978-0-415-19396-215415:978-1-138-52143-815198:, 6 November 200215112:api.parliament.uk15108:"Parliament Bill"15072:. Rochester, NY.15003:978-1-4426-0012-614856:978-3-030-03125-114546:978-0-19-023487-414475:978-1-4128-3116-114461:Political Parties14444:978-0-444-52041-814398:978-0-444-52041-814300:978-0-521-85526-614044:978-0-8191-2947-514010:978-0-8191-2947-513906:978-1-108-61388-013773:978-3-319-74336-313740:978-0-08-043076-813699:978-3-319-74336-313658:978-1-315-19692-313522:. 20 October 201613357:978-0-19-887199-613292:Technology Review13117:978-1-135-92468-312683:978-0-87348-524-112656:978-1-78960-701-712629:978-1-000-88190-512343:978-0-226-84279-012318:978-3-8204-8843-212152:978-1-137-31470-312060:978-2-606-01295-312015:978-0-415-19396-211976:Google Books link11972:978-1-4191-4316-811962:T.R. Williamson,11952:Google Books link11948:978-0-691-12017-111928:Google Books link11924:978-0-691-12017-111905:Google Books link11901:978-0-7619-6787-311730:Our World in Data11704:Our World in Data11678:978-1-135-93226-811644:978-1-317-34529-911503:978-0-521-51477-411393:978-0-691-12019-511372:978-0-691-13872-511352:978-0-300-04938-111328:978-0-06-041750-511304:978-0-06-133008-711292:Joseph Schumpeter11232:978-0-691-13830-511094:978-1-108-95780-911004:978-1-250-24442-010511:Our World in Data10470:978-90-04-15174-110414:. Independent.org10073:978-1-317-45536-310000:978-83-945455-0-59928:on 27 August 20089878:978-1-57356-148-89723:978-0-313-23091-29675:978-0-8386-3225-39574:978-0-415-30066-79509:978-0-7894-8903-69485:978-0-7607-5230-29411:978-0-521-35448-69149:978-1-108-33399-38896:978-1-84725-226-58809:978-1-5128-1957-18772:978-1-317-74224-18745:978-0-300-23332-28637:978-0-415-32919-48610:978-0-85229-760-58583:978-1-74104-308-28521:978-90-04-05971-98465:978-1-4008-2591-28442:978-1-4008-6083-88270:978-0-19-827934-18205:978-0-8156-0083-18148:978-0-19-022863-78111:978-0-691-13830-58041:978-0-226-22482-47983:978-0-8018-8475-77958:978-0-521-00385-87887:978-0-691-12017-17791:978-1-139-99138-47761:978-0-8018-8287-67686:Nations, United.7672:978-0-8166-3388-37644:978-0-262-54147-37567:Democratic Theory7419:978-0-415-97334-27396:978-0-85229-135-17332:. Merriam-Webster7272:978-0-262-54147-37177:978-1-4051-9129-67080:Argentina in 19836882:protest movements6771:structural causes6676:absolute monarchy6633:Winston Churchill6603:

6602:

6458:Right to petition5966:

5965:

5958:

5847:national security5753:Spanish Civil War5615:cognitive ability5494:barriers to entry5380:James A. Robinson5120:Daniele Archibugi5114:, and professors4872:consociationalism4806:anarcho-communist4783:council democracy4762:Marxist orthodoxy4649:Liberal democracy4595:often criticised4546:Australian Senate4492:crowned republics4225:city councils of4141:(in 2009) of the4014:Absolute monarchy3837:

3836:

3825:0.000–0.0993819:0.100–0.1993811:0.200–0.2993805:0.300–0.3993799:0.400–0.4993793:0.500–0.5993785:0.600–0.6993779:0.700–0.7993773:0.800–0.8993767:0.900–1.0003699:Democracy indices3691:

3690:

3587:Democracy indices3581:Democracy indices3566:Radical democracy3461:Joseph Schumpeter3432:radical democracy3393:absolute monarchy3353:COVID-19 pandemic3214:Orange Revolution3170:with the rise of3067:government change2878:absolute monarchy2843:series of reforms2798:in France in 18482699:Corsican Republic2578:Cossack Hetmanate2571:French Revolution2525:. Writing in the2487:Habeas Corpus Act2471:English Civil War2467:Petition of Right2411:Nieszawa Statutes2288:. Established by1946:does not specify1907:freedom of speech1817:political freedom1727:Western democracy1701:Greek city-states1686:liberal democracy1607:personal property1535:

1516:

1515:

1467:

1466:

1438:Democracy indices1413:

1412:

1216:

1215:

1025:Semi-presidential950:

949:

696:

695:

551:Right to petition23:Liberal democracy22942:

22920:Classical Greece22773:EU Customs Union22305:Secular humanism22253:Christian ethics22203:East–West Schism22186:Physical culture21910:Great Divergence21860:Age of Discovery21699:

21692:

21685:

21676:

21675:

21587:Political ethics21577:Machiavellianism21517:Authoritarianism21502:

21492:

21482:

21472:

21462:

21452:

21442:

21432:

21422:

21412:

21402:

21392:

21382:

21372:

21362:

21352:

21342:

21332:

21322:

21312:

21302:

21292:

20368:

20367:

20309:

20245:

20235:Balance of power20209:Social democracy20204:Social Darwinism20179:Multiculturalism20124:Environmentalism20099:Communitarianism19806:

19799:

19792:

19783:

19782:

19768:

19767:

18816:

18815:

18805:

18804:

18763:

18697:

18668:

18654:

18597:

18596:

18586:

18585:

18571:

18564:

18557:

18548:

18547:

18526:

18525:

18514:

18513:

18425:Social insurance18272:Waste management18240:Electric utility18217:Public transport18134:Public ownership18053:Municipalization18035:

18028:

18021:

18012:

18011:

17998:

17997:

17987:

17986:

17807:Tourism minister17768:Housing minister17729:Culture minister17456:

17449:

17442:

17433:

17432:

17400:

17399:

17388:

17384:World government17382:

17377:

17371:

17366:

17360:

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17349:

17344:

17338:

17333:

17327:

17322:

17316:

17311:

17305:

17300:

17294:

17289:

17283:

17231:World government17142:

17141:

17103:

17102:

17086:Environmentalism17036:

17035:

16964:

16963:

16838:

16837:

16775:Public education16755:Social insurance16689:Environmentalism16659:Communitarianism16634:Authoritarianism16596:Direct democracy16375:Local government16310:

16303:

16296:

16287:

16286:

16274:

16273:

16261:

16260:

16208:

16170:Przeworski, Adam16166:

16138:Biagini, Eugenio16134:

16093:

16074:

16055:

16049:

16041:

16016:

15995:

15989:

15981:

15952:

15922:

15921:

15911:

15905:

15904:

15894:

15884:

15860:

15851:

15850:

15848:

15846:

15841:on 29 April 201915840:

15834:. Archived from15793:

15784:

15778:

15777:

15769:

15763:

15762:

15752:

15728:

15719:

15718:

15710:

15704:

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15674:

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15476:

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15205:

15199:

15196:CommonDreams.org15190:Thom Hartmann, "15188:

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15165:

15155:

15149:

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15124:

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15104:

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15014:

15008:

15007:

14989:

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14929:

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14926:

14924:

14904:

14898:

14897:

14891:

14867:

14861:

14860:

14842:

14836:

14835:

14822:

14813:(7): 1095–1113.14798:

14792:

14791:

14789:

14787:

14781:

14759:(8): 1533–1542.14750:

14741:

14735:

14734:

14688:

14682:

14681:

14653:

14647:

14646:

14624:

14618:

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14589:

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14524:

14496:

14487:

14486:

14484:

14482:

14455:

14449:

14448:

14422:

14416:

14415:. Working Paper.14409:

14403:

14402:

14376:

14370:

14369:

14367:

14352:

14350:10.1.1.1010.295514334:

14325:

14319:

14318:

14311:

14305:

14304:

14283:

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13711:

13677:

13671:

13670:

13644:

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13627:

13595:

13589:

13588:

13579:(1/2): 458–466.13564:

13558:

13557:

13555:

13553:

13538:

13532:

13531:

13529:

13527:

13516:

13510:

13509:

13477:

13471:

13470:

13442:

13436:

13430:

13425:. Archived from13408:

13402:

13401:

13391:

13367:

13361:

13360:

13339:

13333:

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13330:

13304:

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13121:

13100:

13094:

13084:

13078:

13077:

13045:

13039:

13038:

13036:

13034:

13028:

13022:. Archived from13021:

13013:

13007:

12990:

12984:

12982:

12980:

12978:

12969:. Archived from12963:

12957:

12956:

12954:

12952:

12946:

12940:. Archived from12939:

12931:

12925:

12920:

12914:

12907:

12901:

12900:

12893:

12891:

12883:

12877:"Redirecting..."12873:

12867:

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12811:

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12266:

12265:

12263:

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12240:

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12221:

12215:

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12212:

12210:

12205:on 5 August 201212195:

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12169:

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12159:

12126:

12120:

12119:

12112:

12106:

12105:

12097:

12091:

12090:

12082:

12076:

12071:Niels Barmeyer,12069:

12063:

12048:

12033:

12026:

12020:

12019:

11997:

11991:

11984:

11978:

11960:

11954:

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11930:

11913:

11907:

11889:

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11882:

11858:

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11778:

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11762:

11748:

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11696:

11690:

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11687:

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11662:

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11651:

11628:

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11593:

11591:

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11508:

11507:

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11313:

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11289:

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11200:

11189:

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11113:

11111:

11109:

11070:

11064:

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11044:

11038:

11037:

11023:

11017:

11016:

10988:

10982:

10981:

10979:

10977:

10971:

10960:

10952:

10946:

10945:

10943:

10941:

10929:

10923:

10922:

10920:

10918:

10904:

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10897:

10861:

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10854:

10834:

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10814:

10808:

10807:

10805:

10803:

10781:

10775:

10769:

10763:

10762:

10760:

10758:

10747:

10741:

10740:

10738:

10736:

10729:freedomhouse.org10721:

10712:

10711:

10709:

10678:

10669:

10663:

10662:

10654:

10648:

10647:

10645:

10643:

10637:msa.maryland.gov10629:

10623:

10622:

10620:

10618:

10603:

10597:

10596:

10594:

10592:

10587:. United Nations10581:

10575:

10574:

10569:. Archived from10559:

10553:

10552:

10550:

10548:

10533:

10527:

10526:

10524:

10522:

10513:. Archived from10503:

10497:

10496:

10494:

10492:

10481:

10475:

10474:

10452:

10446:

10445:

10443:

10441:

10430:

10424:

10423:

10421:

10419:

10408:

10402:

10401:

10399:

10397:

10388:. Archived from10382:

10376:

10375:

10373:

10371:

10356:

10350:

10349:

10347:

10345:

10340:. Bloomberg News10333:

10324:

10323:

10321:

10319:

10304:

10298:

10297:

10286:

10280:

10279:

10272:

10266:

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10236:

10230:

10229:

10227:

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10214:

10208:

10202:

10196:

10190:

10184:

10183:

10181:

10179:

10165:

10159:

10158:

10156:

10154:

10145:. Archived from10134:

10128:

10127:

10125:

10123:

10108:

10102:

10101:

10099:

10092:

10084:

10078:

10077:

10057:

10051:

10050:

10048:

10046:

10040:

10033:

10024:

10018:

10017:(1983) pp 77–11110011:

10005:

10004:

9982:

9976:

9975:

9973:

9971:

9965:

9958:

9944:

9938:

9937:

9935:

9933:

9918:

9912:

9911:

9909:

9907:

9896:

9890:

9889:

9887:

9885:

9862:

9856:

9855:

9853:

9851:

9832:

9826:

9825:

9823:

9792:

9783:

9777:

9776:

9774:

9743:

9734:

9728:

9727:

9703:

9697:

9686:

9680:

9679:

9661:

9655:

9648:

9642:

9641:

9639:

9637:

9622:

9616:

9615:

9613:

9611:

9600:

9594:

9593:

9585:

9579:

9578:

9555:

9549:

9534:

9528:

9518:

9512:

9494:

9488:

9470:

9464:

9463:

9439:

9433:

9422:

9416:

9415:

9388:

9382:

9381:

9345:

9339:

9338:

9332:

9330:

9315:

9309:

9308:

9302:

9300:

9285:

9276:

9275:

9273:

9271:

9260:"Putney debates"9256:

9250:

9249:

9247:

9245:

9234:

9228:

9227:

9225:

9223:

9212:

9206:

9205:

9203:

9201:

9192:. Archived from9182:

9181:

9179:

9170:. Archived from9160:

9154:

9153:

9135:

9129:

9128:

9110:

9086:

9080:

9079:

9069:

9045:

9039:

9038:

9018:

9012:

9011:

8975:

8969:

8968:

8966:

8964:

8953:

8947:

8946:

8944:

8942:

8928:

8921:

8920:

8918:

8907:

8901:

8900:

8880:

8874:

8873:

8871:

8869:

8858:

8852:

8851:

8845:

8843:

8838:on 23 April 20218828:

8822:

8821:

8783:

8777:

8776:

8756:

8750:

8749:

8729:

8723:

8722:

8720:

8718:

8706:Communications.8703:

8697:

8696:

8660:

8654:

8648:

8642:

8641:

8621:

8615:

8614:

8594:

8588:

8587:

8563:

8557:

8551:

8545:

8544:

8542:

8540:

8529:

8523:

8509:

8503:

8497:

8491:

8485:

8479:

8473:

8467:

8453:

8447:

8446:

8426:

8420:

8419:

8417:

8415:

8406:. Archived from8396:

8390:

8389:

8361:

8355:

8354:

8344:

8338:

8337:Aristotle Book 68335:

8329:

8322:

8316:

8309:

8303:

8290:

8284:

8278:

8272:

8258:

8252:

8251:

8249:

8247:

8224:

8218:

8217:

8189:

8183:

8182:

8180:

8178:

8158:

8152:

8151:

8122:

8116:

8115:

8095:

8084:

8078:

8072:

8066:

8060:

8059:

8052:

8046:

8045:

8025:

8019:

8012:

8006:

7994:

7988:

7987:

7969:

7963:

7962:

7945:Nussbaum, Martha7941:

7935:

7934:

7898:

7892:

7891:

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7855:on 27 March 20167838:

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3073:, including the3023:, among others.2977:Great Depression2973:women's suffrage2969:Austro-Hungarian2721:Colonial America2582:Zaporizhian Sich2500:royal absolutism2479:the Protectorate2140:Even though the2129:Spartan ecclesia2094:random selection1996:in front of the1885:, and generally1790:direct democracy1723:

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12947:on 25 July 201112944:

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5360:

5340:

5334:on this basis.5330:advocate for a5309:

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5263:Sudbury schools5213:

5161:

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5081:

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4995:self-management4979:

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3744:electoral fraud3738:of opposition,3692:

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3685:0.00–0.993682:

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3679:1.00–1.993676:

3674:

3673:2.00–2.993670:

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3667:3.00–3.993664:

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3618:8.00–8.993615:

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3473:Adam Przeworski3441:

3417:

3366:

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3300:Rodrigo Duterte3206:Rose Revolution3176:Asian democracy3131:democratisation3121:

3116:

3055:democratisation3044:workers council2923:

2847:Reform Act 18322715:female suffrage2681:Ignatius Sancho2625:

2609:Pilgrim Fathers2559:right to revolt2533:state of nature2424:

2419:

2393:noble democracy2381:David Stasavage2346:, 1215, England2318:Kouroukan Fouga2274:Catholic Church2218:

2213:

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2194:

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2147:weighted voting2035:

2029:

2027:Greece and Rome2024:

1994:funeral oration1978:

1972:

1922:collective will1918:social contract1856:political state1852:judicial review1850:which includes1804:is exercised."1766:

1764:Characteristics1682:majoritarianism1643:minority rights1567:civil liberties1512:

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1469:

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1455:Democratisation1448:Autocratization1424:

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731:Source of power709:Basic forms of703:Politics series692:

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16890:Prime minister16887:

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16734:Theoreticians:16731:

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16719:Fundamentalism16716:

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16706:

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16684:Egalitarianism16681:

16676:

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16191:Fuller, Roslyn16187:

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16032:(2): 105–163.16017:

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15459:(6): 699–710.15439:

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15231:(4): 400–408.15215:

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15177:978-052145891715176:

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15144:978-030001565215143:

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14637:(2): 723–737.14619:

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14565:(5): 908–928.14549:

14526:

14507:(1): 161–178.14488:

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14343:(1): 382–410.14320:

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13928:(9): 1847–75.13912:

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13559:

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13356:

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13254:10.1086/70093613225:

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12973:on 10 May 201312958:

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12880:heinonline.org12868:

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12779:(2): 207–225.12773:World Politics12759:

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11706:. 17 June 202211691:

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10972:on 5 June 201910947:

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8219:

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8153:

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8101:Bounding Power8085:

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8071:, p.184.8061:

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5871:Weimar Germany5840:

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5737:state collapse5732:

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5557:Main article:5554:

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5490:youth suffrage5454:conditionality5433:Pearson Centre5417:

5409:

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5376:Daron Acemoglu5362:Main article:5359:

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5245:Amitai Etzioni5212:

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5112:George Monbiot5101:United Nations5077:Main article:5074:

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4895:Main article:4892:

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4884:Treaty of Rome4864:Main article:4861:

4860:Consociational4858:

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3520:Ronald Dworkin3505:Robert A. Dahl3477:Richard Posner3443:The theory of3440:

3437:

3416:

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3365:

3362:

3360:

3357:

3308:reported that3257:United Nations3186:Corazon Aquino3172:Corazon Aquino3160:European Union3154:of the former3152:liberalisation3114:

3094:British Empire3086:decolonisation3071:Eastern Europe3063:occupied Japan2943:decolonisation2922:

2919:

2828:15th Amendment2824:14th Amendment2820:13th Amendment2816:Reconstruction2754:Bill of Rights2688:Age of Liberty2667:, the English2624:

2621:

2569:and later the2508:Barry Weingast2504:Douglass North2495:Bill of Rights2475:Putney Debates2443:natural rights2423:

2420:

2418:

2415:

2286:Cortes of León2282:papal conclave2270:Eastern Europe2262:Faeroe Islands2228:were ruled by2217:

2214:

2209:Main article:2206:

2203:

2193:

2190:

2174:Vajjika League2166:

2163:

2142:Roman Republic2082:The Suppliants2028:

2025:

2023:

2020:

2013:Daniel Deudney1974:Main article:1971:

1968:

1828:United Kingdom1813:Legal equality1794:United Nations1765:

1762:

1735:Roman Republic1678:consensus rule1670:plurality rule1514:

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1503:

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1471:

1470:

1465:

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1391:Regional power1388:

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43:Nelson Mandela17:

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22749:

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22736:

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22733:Craiova Group22731:

22729:

22726:

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22648:ABCANZ Armies22646:

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22453:Protestantism22451:

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22398:

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22380:

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22373:Sovereigntism22371:

22369:

22366:

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22022:

22019:

22017:

22014:

22010:

22007:

22006:

22005:

22002:

22000:

21997:

21993:

21990:

21988:

21985:

21983:

21980:

21979:

21978:

21975:

21974:

21972:

21970:

21966:

21958:

21957:War on terror21955:

21953:

21950:

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21850:Modern period21848:

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21706:Western world21700:

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21567:Jurisprudence21565:

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21428:

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21419:

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21409:

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21397:Rights of Man21394:

21389:

21388:

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21379:

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21369:

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21307:De re publica21304:

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21019:

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21009:

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20999:

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20989:

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20959:

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20954:

20952:

20949:

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20937:

20934:

20933:

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20927:20th and 21st20925:

20919:

20916:

20914:

20911:

20909:

20906:

20904:

20901:

20899:

20896:

20894:

20891:

20889:

20886:

20884:

20881:

20879:

20876:

20874:

20871:

20869:

20866:

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20841:

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20801:

20797:

20794:

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20792:

20789:

20787:

20784:

20780:

20777:

20776:

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20772:

20770:

20767:

20765:

20762:

20760:

20757:

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20707:

20705:

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20690:

20687:

20685:

20682:

20680:

20677:

20675:

20672:

20670:

20667:

20666:

20664:

20660:18th and 19th20658:

20652:

20649:

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20642:

20639:

20637:

20634:

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20624:

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20612:

20609:

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20557:

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20547:

20546:

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20538:

20532:

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20527:

20524:

20522:

20519:

20517:

20516:Nizam al-Mulk20514:

20512:

20509:

20507:

20504:

20502:

20499:

20497:

20494:

20492:

20489:

20487:

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20477:

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20467:

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20441:

20438:

20436:

20433:

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20428:

20424:

20421:

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20416:

20414:

20411:

20409:

20406:

20404:

20401:

20399:

20396:

20394:

20391:

20389:

20386:

20384:

20381:

20379:

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20375:

20373:

20369:

20366:

20364:

20360:

20354:

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20341:

20339:

20336:

20334:

20331:

20329:

20326:

20324:

20321:

20319:

20316:

20314:

20311:

20308:

20307:

20302:

20300:

20297:

20295:

20292:

20290:

20287:

20285:

20282:

20280:

20277:

20275:

20272:

20270:

20267:

20265:

20262:

20260:

20257:

20255:

20252:

20250:

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20244:

20243:

20238:

20236:

20233:

20232:

20230:

20226:

20220:

20217:

20215:

20212:

20210:

20207:

20205:

20202:

20200:

20199:Republicanism20197:

20195:

20192:

20190:

20187:

20185:

20182:

20180:

20177:

20175:

20172:

20170:

20167:

20165:

20162:

20160:

20157:

20155:

20152:

20150:

20147:

20145:

20142:

20140:

20137:

20135:

20132:

20130:

20127:

20125:

20122:

20120:

20117:

20115:

20112:

20110:

20107:

20105:

20102:

20100:

20097:

20095:

20092:

20090:

20087:

20085:

20082:

20080:

20077:

20075:

20072:

20070:

20067:

20066:

20064:

20060:

20054:

20051:

20049:

20046:

20044:

20041:

20039:

20036:

20034:

20031:

20029:

20026:

20024:

20021:

20019:

20016:

20014:

20011:

20009:

20006:

20004:

20001:

19999:

19996:

19995:

19993:

19989:

19983:

19980:

19978:

19975:

19973:

19970:

19968:

19965:

19963:

19960:

19958:

19955:

19953:

19950:

19948:

19945:

19943:

19940:

19938:

19935:

19933:

19930:

19928:

19925:

19923:

19920:

19918:

19915:

19913:

19910:

19908:

19905:

19903:

19900:

19898:

19895:

19893:

19890:

19888:

19885:

19883:

19880:

19878:

19875:

19873:

19870:

19868:

19865:

19863:

19860:

19858:

19855:

19853:

19850:

19848:

19845:

19843:

19840:

19838:

19835:

19833:

19830:

19828:

19825:

19824:

19822:

19818:

19814:

19807:

19802:

19800:

19795:

19793:

19788:

19787:

19784:

19771:

19763:

19762:

19760:

19758:

19750:

19736:

19733:

19731:

19728:

19726:

19723:

19721:

19718:

19716:

19713:

19712:

19710:

19708:

19707:United States19704:

19698:

19695:

19693:

19690:

19688:

19685:

19683:

19680:

19678:

19675:

19673:

19670:

19668:

19665:

19663:

19660:

19658:

19655:

19653:

19650:

19648:

19645:

19643:

19640:

19638:

19635:

19633:

19630:

19628:

19625:

19623:

19620:

19618:

19615:

19614:

19612:

19610:

19606:

19600:

19597:

19595:

19592:

19590:

19587:

19585:

19582:

19580:

19577:

19575:

19572:

19571:

19569:

19567:

19563:

19557:

19554:

19552:

19549:

19548:

19546:

19542:

19536:

19533:

19531:

19528:

19526:

19523:

19521:

19518:

19516:

19513:

19511:

19508:

19506:

19503:

19501:

19498:

19497:

19495:

19493:

19489:

19483:

19480:

19478:

19475:

19473:

19470:

19468:

19467:Budai-Deleanu19465:

19464:

19462:

19458:

19452:

19449:

19448:

19446:

19442:

19436:

19433:

19431:

19428:

19426:

19423:

19421:

19418:

19416:

19413:

19411:

19408:

19406:

19403:

19401:

19398:

19397:

19395:

19393:

19389:

19383:

19380:

19378:

19375:

19373:

19370:

19368:

19365:

19363:

19360:

19358:

19355:

19353:

19350:

19348:

19345:

19343:

19340:

19338:

19335:

19333:

19330:

19329:

19327:

19323:

19317:

19314:

19312:

19309:

19307:

19304:

19302:

19299:

19297:

19294:

19292:

19289:

19287:

19284:

19283:

19281:

19279:

19275:

19269:

19266:

19264:

19261:

19259:

19256:

19254:

19251:

19249:

19246:

19245:

19243:

19239:

19233:

19230:

19228:

19225:

19223:

19220:

19218:

19215:

19214:

19212:

19210:

19206:

19200:

19197:

19195:

19192:

19190:

19187:

19185:

19182:

19180:

19177:

19175:

19172:

19170:

19167:

19165:

19162:

19160:

19157:

19155:

19152:

19150:

19147:

19145:

19142:

19140:

19137:

19135:

19132:

19131:

19129:

19125:

19119:

19116:

19114:

19111:

19109:

19106:

19104:

19101:

19099:

19096:

19094:

19091:

19090:

19088:

19084:

19078:

19075:

19073:

19070:

19068:

19065:

19063:

19060:

19058:

19055:

19053:

19050:

19048:

19045:

19043:

19040:

19038:

19035:

19033:

19030:

19028:

19025:

19023:

19020:

19018:

19015:

19013:

19010:

19008:

19005:

19003:

19000:

18998:

18995:

18993:

18990:

18988:

18985:

18983:

18980:

18978:

18975:

18973:

18970:

18968:

18965:

18963:

18960:

18958:

18955:

18953:

18950:

18948:

18945:

18943:

18940:

18938:

18935:

18934:

18932:

18928:

18922:

18919:

18917:

18914:

18912:

18909:

18907:

18904:

18902:

18899:

18897:

18894:

18892:

18889:

18887:

18884:

18882:

18879:

18877:

18874:

18872:

18869:

18867:

18864:

18862:

18859:

18857:

18854:

18852:

18849:

18847:

18844:

18842:

18839:

18837:

18834:

18832:

18831:Ashley-Cooper18829:

18827:

18824:

18823:

18821:

18817:

18813:

18806:

18802:

18788:

18785:

18783:

18780:

18778:

18775:

18773:

18770:

18768:

18765:

18762:

18761:

18756:

18754:

18751:

18749:

18746:

18744:

18741:

18739:

18736:

18734:

18733:Progressivism18731:

18729:

18726:

18724:

18721:

18719:

18716:

18714:

18711:

18709:

18706:

18704:

18703:

18699:

18696:

18695:

18690:

18688:

18685:

18683:

18682:Individualism18680:

18678:

18675:

18673:

18670:

18667:

18666:

18661:

18659:

18656:

18653:

18652:

18647:

18645:

18642:

18640:

18637:

18635:

18632:

18630:

18627:

18625:

18622:

18620:

18617:

18615:

18612:

18610:

18607:

18605:

18602:

18601:

18598:

18594:

18587:

18583:

18579:

18572:

18567:

18565:

18560:

18558:

18553:

18552:

18549:

18531:

18530:

18521:

18519:

18518:

18509:

18508:

18505:

18499:

18496:

18494:

18491:

18489:

18486:

18484:

18483:Public sector18481:

18479:

18476:

18474:

18471:

18469:

18466:

18464:

18461:

18459:

18456:

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15436:. Peter Lang.15435:

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14903:

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14890:

14885:

14882:(1): 93–113.14881:

14877:

14873:

14866:

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14236:

14229:

14227:

14218:

14214:

14210:

14206:

14203:(2): 151–69.14202:

14198:

14191:

14184:

14179:

14175:

14172:(4): 306–22.14171:

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14159:

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13957:

13956:Harry J Hogan13951:

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13898:

13894:

13890:

13883:

13876:

13870:

13862:

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13854:

13850:

13846:

13842:

13839:(1): 69–105.13838:

13834:

13829:For example:13826:

13817:

13812:

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13418:Hoover Digest13414:

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13373:

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13296:. p.03.13295:

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13264:

13263:1721.1/12428713259:

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13248:(1): 47–100.13247:

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12543:(2009) p. 21112542:

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12367:(3): 335–42.12366:

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12345:

12339:

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12280:World History12277:

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11996:

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11816:(1): 97–109.11815:

11811:

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11757:

11756:Freedom House11753:

11747:

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3103:In 1948, the3101:

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2511:

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2493:of 1688, the2492:

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2034:

2019:

2016:

2014:

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1995:

1991:

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1986:Philipp Foltz1982:

1977:

1967:

1965:

1961:

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1956:aristocracies1953:

1949:

1945:

1944:republicanism1941:

1937:

1933:

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1923:

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1912:

1908:

1904:

1900:

1896:

1892:

1888:

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1876:

1872:

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1867:majority rule1863:

1861:

1857:

1853:

1849:

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1833:

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1750:authoritarian1747:

1742:

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1736:

1732:

1728:

1724:

1722:

1710:

1706:

1702:

1697:

1695:

1694:supreme court1691:

1687:

1683:

1679:

1675:

1671:

1667:

1666:majority rule1663:

1659:

1658:parliamentary1655:

1651:

1646:

1644:

1640:

1636:

1635:right to life1632:

1628:

1627:voting rights1624:

1620:

1616:

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1608:

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1600:

1595:

1591:

1587:

1583:

1579:

1575:

1570:

1568:

1564:

1560:

1557:is vested in1556:

1552:

1548:

1545:'people' and1544:

1539:

1533:

1524:

1523:Ancient Greek1520:

1509:

1504:

1502:

1497:

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1242:Unitary state1240:

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1231:

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1157:

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1144:State atheism1142:

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1134:Secular state1132:

1130:

1127:

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1125:

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1117:

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1038:Authoritarian1036:

1035:

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1018:

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1015:Parliamentary1013:

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835:

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828:

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823:

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815:

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803:(rule by few)801:

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788:

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766:

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589:

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584:

582:

579:

577:

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572:

569:

567:

566:Right to vote564:

562:

559:

557:

554:

552:

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491:Majority rule489:

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358:Supermajority356:

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